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UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) gn: Interior, Exterior Lighting and Controls APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) CRITERIA FORMAT STANDARD Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder. NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity) U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \ ... / Change No. Date Location 10 Dec 2010 Updated all ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 to 2007. Added EPACT 2005 requirements, Section 1 4, All design applications, Chapter 7 Updated sustainable policy, Chapters 1, 2, & 3. Expanded task lighting, Chapter 2. Expanded controls occupancy sensor requirements, Chapters 2, 5, and 7. 10.9. Added Security Lighting, Chapter 6 Added emergency egress requirements, Chapter 7. & Chapter 8. Required proof of designs to meet EPACT/ASHRAE, Chapter 7. Expanded use of LED technology, 5 3.7, Chapters 7 Changed Equipment Recommendations to Equipment Requirements and updated applications, Chapters 7 & 8. Added TVSS for exterior lighting circuits. UFC 3-530-01 The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corp s of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current AUTHORIZED BY: DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E. Chief, Engineering and Construction DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E. Naval Facilities Engineering Command KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E. The Deputy Civil Engineer Department of the Air Force UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUC TION 1 1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. 1 1-2 APPLICABILITY. 1 1-3 REFERENCES. 1 1-4 ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005. 1 1-5 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN. 2 1-6 INTEGRATED DESIGN. 2 CHAPTER 2: LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION S 3 2-1 INTRODUCTION. 3 2-2 VISIBILITY. 3 2-3 GLARE. 4 2-4 UNIFORMITY. 7 2-5 ILLUMINANCE. 8 2-6 SURFACE BRIGHTNESS. 2-7 AMBIENT/TASK/ACCENT SYSTEMS. 2-8 LIGHTING CONTROL. 2-9 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES. 2- SECUR ITY. 2- MAINTENANCE ISSUES. CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES 3-1 INTRODUCTION. 3-2 BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS. 3-3 COSTS / BENEFITS. 3-4 UTILIZING DAYLIGHT. 3-5 LOW ENERGY USE. 3-6 MATERIAL ISSUES. 3-7 LIGHT POLLUTION. 3-8 LIGHT TRESPASS. 3-9 ECONOMIC ISSUES. 3- UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 ii &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;5-2 LUMINAIRES. 5-3 LAMPS. 5-4 BALLASTS AND POWER SUPPLIES. 5-5 LIGHTING CONTROLS. 5-6 EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTING. 5-7 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS. CHAPTER 6: SECURITY LIGHTING 6- PHYSICAL SECURITY DEFINITIONS. 6-2 SECURITY LIGHTING OVERVIEW. 6-3 SECURITY LIGHTING DESIGN. 6-4 SECURITY LIGHTING CRITERIA. 6-5 SECURITY LIGHTING APPLICATIONS. 6-6 ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS. CHAPTER 7: INTERIOR PPLICATIONS 7-1 INTRODUCTION. 7-2 LIGHTING CALCULATIONS FOR INTERIOR SPACES. CHAPTER 8: EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS . 8- INTRODUCTION. 8-2 CALCULATIONS OF LIGHTING FOR EXTERIOR AREA APPENDIX A: REFEREN APPENDIX B: PHYSIOLOGICAL ISSUES . APPENDIX C: GLOSSAR Y OF LIGHTING TERMS APPENDIX D: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PARKIN G LIGHTING EXAMPLE FIGURES FIGURE 2 1. EXAMPLES OF DIRECT GLARE. 5 FIGURE 2 2. MINIMIZE DIRECT GLARE WITH IESNA FULL CUT OFF LUMINAIRE. . 5 FIGURE 2 3. MINIMIZE DIRECT GLARE WITH INDIRECT L IGHTING. 6 FIGURE 2 4. SEMI INDIRECT LIGHTING MINIMIZES INDIRECT GLA 6 FIGURE 2 5. UNIFORM CEILING B RIGHTNESS. 8 FIGURE 2 6. UNIFORM ILLUMINAN CE. 8 FIGURE 2 7. LUMEN EFFECTIVENESS MULTIPLIERS VS. LUMINANCE FIGURE 2 8. DOWNLIGHTING FIGURE 2 9. EXAMPLE OF THE SAME SPACE WITH DOWNLIGHTING ONLY (LEFT) AND THEN WITH IMPROVED SURFACE BRIGHTNESS (RIGHT). FIGURE 3 1. LOS ANGELES, 1908 (LEFT), LOS ANGELES, 1976 (RIGHT). FIGURE 3 2. UNSHIELDED AND NON CUTOFF LUMINAIRES LEAD TO LIGHT POLLUTION FIGURE 3 3. EXAMPLES OF IESNA FULL CUT OFF LUMINAIRES. FIGURE 3 4. GL ARE RESULTS IN LOSS OF VISIBILITY. FIGURE 3 5. FULLY SHIELDED OR IESNA FULL CUT OFF LUMINAIRES (LEFT ARE RECOMMENDED. DO NOT USE UNSHIELDED F LOODLIGHTS (RIGHT). FIGURE 3 6. A CHANGE IN FURNITURE CONFIGURATION AFFECTS THE TASK PLANE ILLUMINANCE UN IFORMITY. FIGURE 4 1. EXAMPLES OF DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 iii &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;FIGURE 4 2. BUILDING ORIENTATION CAN MAXIMIZE DAYLIGHT EXPOSURE. FIGURE 4 3. EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURAL SHADING DEVI FIGURE 4 4. DIAGRAMS OF TOPLIGHTING STRATEGIES. FIGURE 4 5 EXAMPLES OF TOPLIGHTING APPLICATIONS. FIGURE 4 6. EXAMPLE OF CLERESTORY APPLICATION. FIGURE 4 7. EXAMPLES OF SIDELIGHTING APPLICATIONS . . FIGURE 4 8. EXAMPLES OF ROOF FIGURE 4 9 EXAMPLE OF SPLAYED SKYLIGHTS. FIGURE 4 10. EXAMPLE OF AN AC TIVE D AYLIGHTING SYSTEM THAT TRACKS THE SUN AND DIRECTS DAYLIGHT INTO THE BU ILDING. FIGURE 5 1. PENDANT MOUNTED L UMINAIRES. FIGU 2. WALL MOUNTED LUMI NAIRES. FIGURE 5 3. CEILING / SURFACE MOUNTED LUMINAIRES. FIGURE 5 4. RECESSED AND SEMI RECESSED LUMINAIRES. FIGURE 5 5. TRACK MOUNTED LUM INAIRES. FIGURE 5 6. POLE MOUNTED EXTERIOR LUMINAIRES. FIGURE 5 7. EFFICACY COMPARISON OF LIGHT SOURCES FOR GENERAL LIGHTING. FIGURE 5 8, TYPICAL EXIT SIGN FIGURE 6 1. DIAGRAM OF SECURI TY LIGHTING WITH OTH ER PHYSICAL SECURITY MEASURES. FIGURE 6 2. EXAMPLE OF CONTRO LLED LIGHTING: SINGL E FENCE LINE. FIGURE 6 3. EXAMPLE OF CONTROLLED LIGHTING: DOUBLE FENCE LINE. FIGURE 6 4. EXAMPLE OF GLARE PROJECTION: SINGLE FENCE LINE.. FIGURE 6 5. EXAMPLE OF GLARE PROJECTION: DOUBLE FENCE LINE. FIGURE 6 6. CCTV CAMERA’S VIEW OF SCENE WITH EXCESSIVE GLARE. TABLES TABLE 2 1. LUMEN EFFECTIVENESS MULTIPLIERS VS. H IGH PRESSURE SODIUM TABLE 4 1. COMPARISON OF GLA SS TYPES (FROM ALPENGLASS HEAT MIRROR). TABLE 5 1. EXTERIOR LUMINAIRE DISTRIBUTION CLASS IFICATION. TABLE 5 2. EXTERIOR LUMINAIRE CUTOFF CLASSIFICATION. TABLE 5 3. NEMA FIELD ANGLE CLASSIFICATIONS. TABLE 5 4. COMPARISON OF LAM TABLE 5 5. REQUIRED CONTROL DEVICES FOR DIFFEREN T BUILDING APPLICATIONS. TABLE 5 6. RECOMMENDED CONTROL DEVICES FOR DIFFERENT BUILDING APPLICATIONS. TABLE 5 7. LIGHTING CONTROL ENERGY SAVINGS EXAMPLES BY APPLICATION AND CONTROL TYPE TABLE 5 8. LIGHTING CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS. TABLE 6 1. MINIMUM LIGHTING CRITERIA FOR UNAIDED GUARD VISUAL ASSESSMENT. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 iv &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;TABLE 8 1. RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCE UNIFORMITY RATIOS FOR E XTERIOR APPLICATIONS. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 1 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE This UFC provides guidance for the design of interior and exterior lighting systems controls UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 2 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;culminating in a 20 percent reduction in fiscal year 2015 – from a new baseline of 2003. Section 103, Energy Use Measurement and Accountability, directs that all Federal buildings be me tered by October 1, 2012. Section 109, Federal Building Performance Standards, requires buildings to be designed to be 30 percent below ASHRAE standard 90.1 \1\ /1/ or the International Energy Code, if life cycle cost effective and the application of sustainable design principles. http://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/epact2005.pdf \1\ 1-5 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN . Provide sustainable design to achieve the required LEED or other agency certification level in accordance wit h UFC 4 , “Sustainable Development”. /1/ 1-6 INTEGRATED DESIGN . Utilize an integrated design process throughout the project’s planning and delivery process to achieve high performance and sustainable buildings. See http://www.wbdg.org/references/mou.php . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 3 CHAPTER 2: LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2-1 INTRODUCTION The IESNA Lighting Handbook defines visibility as, “the ability to extract information from the field of view.” 2- 1.1 The criteria outlined in this UFC describe the most relevant issues for DoD facility applications and it refers extensively to the IESNA. However, the IESNA criteria may at times be superseded by other UFC requirements. Visibility is affected by glare, uniformity, illuminance, surface brightness, and lighting components. The consideration of these factors improves task 1 “Quality of the Visual Environment”, The IESNA Lighting Handbook , Chapter 10, Ninth Edition (New York: The Illuminating Eng ineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 10 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 4 2- 2.1.2 Way finding refers to the visual guidance provided by the lighting system and the visual elements illuminated. This guidance may be illuminated signage that directs occupants to various destinations, or it may be more subtle aids such as continuity and hierarchy of lighting equipment that reinforces areas of similar use. By using the same luminaires for areas of the same use, a consistent pattern is established that visually guides and orients building occupants. Accent lighting can also be used to draw attention to specific areas by increasing the brightness. 2- 2.1.3 In exterior applications, the size and type of lighting equipment provides visual cues about the surroundings. Bollards and low pedestrian scale poles often signify pedestrian walkways or plazas. Roadway poles may alert pedestrians to intersections in the same way that pedestrian pole s or bollards may alert motorists to crosswalks. 2-3 GLARE . 2- 3.1 Direct glare is caused by excessive light entering the eye from a bright light source. The potential for direct glare exists anytime one can “see” a light so urce. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 5 Figure 2 1. Examples of direct glare . Figure 2 2. Minimize direct glare with IESNA full cut off luminaire UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 6 Figure 2 3. Minimize direct glare with indirect lighting . 2- 3.2 Indirect or reflected glare is caused by light reflecting off the task or pavemen t in such a manner that the contrast is “washed out”. Many work situations position the light directly in front of the task, producing reflected glare. Unshielded 2- 3.3 Overhead glare. Direct luminaires that are immediately over an individual can cause glare even though the light source is not in the field of view. This type of glare can produce the same negative effects as direct or reflected glare including eye strain and headaches. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 7 2- 3.3 To minimize overhead glare, use indirect luminaires to light the ceiling surface and avoid totally direct luminaires. Where direct luminaires are used, make sure that individuals are not working directly under them. 2- 3.4 Requirements to minimize glare: Follow IESNA recommendations for individual lighting application. Refer to Chapter 6 and 7 of this UFC or to the IESNA 9 Edition Handbook, Chapter 10 “Quality of the Visual Environment” for specific criteria. For roadway applications, use fully shielded luminaires. Refer to “exterior luminaires” in Chapter 5 “Lighting Equipment” and Chapter 7 “Exterior plications. 2- 3.5 Considerations to minimize glare: Indirectly light the ceiling and walls for interior ambient lighting systems. Refer to specific applications in Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. Use direct light only in limited amounts for task and accent light. Refer to specific applications in Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. For exterior applications, use fully shielded luminaires (see exterior luminaires in Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment” and Chapter 7, “Exterior Applications”.) 2-4 UNIFORMITY Lighting level or illuminance uniformity is important on work surfaces where sustained tasks are performed as well as on wall and ceiling surfaces that make up a significant portion of the field of view. Poor uniformity can cause adaptation problems. It is very important to prevent “spotty” lighting especially in interior areas where people are UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 8 Figure 2-5 . Uniform ceiling brightness . Figure 2-6 . Uniform illuminance. 2-4 Requirements for appropriate uniformity: Follow IESNA uniformity criteria for specific areas unless superseded by other UFC criteria. Refer to specific application requirements in Chapters 6 and 7, “Interior and Exterior Applications” and Chapter 10 of the IESNA Edition Handbook. 2-4 Considerations for appropriate uniformity: In office areas, uniformity should not exceed 5:1 in immediate work surrounds, not including accent lighting. Also, refer to Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. Exterior uniformity should not exceed 10:1 along areas of use including roadways, walkways, and parking areas. Refer to specific application in Chapter 7, “Exterior Applications”. 2-5 ILLUMINANCE Illuminance refers to the light level, or amount of light falling on a surface. It is meas ured in lux or footcandles. Horizontal illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a horizontal surface. This type of illuminance is often measured on a desk, work surface, UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 9 or floor. Vertical illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a vertical surface such as white boards, signs, and walls. Vertical illuminance on peoples’ faces is also important for identification at entries and security checkpoints. 2-5 Traditionally, illuminance has been the basis of lighting design. However, we “ see” brightness; we don’t see lighting levels or lux. Since the revision of the IESNA guidelines, new standards regarding design must be followed. IESNA’s 9 Edition Handbook chapter on “Quality of the Visual Environment” (QVE) has added many other design factors besides illuminance. It is important to review all of the design criteria issues in order to prioritize issues. In many cases illuminance is no longer a top priority. Lighting wall and ceiling surfaces is usually more important than providing high levels of horizontal illuminance. In order to provide flexibility and interest in a space light ceiling and wall surfaces with lower ambient lighting levels. Provide higher illuminance levels with individualized task lighting. There are three different types of visual responses: Photopic or our day vision (3 cd/m ² and higher), Scotopic or our night vision (.001 cd/m ² and below) and mesopic or a combination of night and day vision (.001 cd/m ² to 3 cd/m ). (IESNA 9 Edition page 1 6). The majority of exterior lighting is designed in the mesopic range. 2- 5.2 Photopic sensitivity peaks at 555 nm in the green yellow range. Scoptoic vision sensitivity peaks at 507 nm more in the blue light range. Mesopic vision varies UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 10 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;mesopic conditions. 2- 5.2.3 For all exterior lighting applications where peripheral vision is important 2 “Evaluation of Visual Function Under Different Light Sources”, (Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, December 11, 1995) p15. 3 Lewin, Ian. “Extension of the Concept of Lu men Effectiveness Multipliers to LED’s and Induction Lamps.” Report to the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. May 2009. Luminance (cd/m²) Scotopic Photopic High Pressure Sodium Clear Mercury Low Pressure Sodium ol White LED Warm White LED Cool White Induction Warm White Induction UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 11 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Figure 2 7. Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers vs. Luminance 2-5 Requirements for adequate illuminance: Follow IESNA recommendations by evaluating all QVE criteria including illuminance, paying particular attention not to overlight. Refer to specifi applications in Chapters 6 and 7. 2-5 Considerations for adequate illuminance: Design ambient lighting levels to 1/3 to 1/2 task lighting levels. Add task lighting to increase light level. Use white light sources for exterior lighting. Refer to lamp commendations in Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment”. 2-6 SURFACE BRIGHTNESS We “see” brightness; we don’t see lighting levels or lux. Our perception of spaces depends on how surfaces are lighted. For example, if walls are lighted, the space feels large and open. With the walls and ceiling lighted, a space looks bright and cheery. With dark room surfaces, the space feels oppressive and “cave like” 2-6 Traditional lighting design has emphasized lighting level as the only criteria, ignoring the importance of surface brightness. For a more effective design, light . It is important to light vertical surfaces such as walls and building facades as a first priority, then horizontal surfaces such as ceilings and canopies. The least effective surfaces to light are floors. 4 Lewin, Ian. “Extension of the Concept of Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers to LED’s and Induction Lamps.” Report to the Sacramento M unicipal Utility District. May 2009. 5 “Vision and Perception”, The IESNA Lighting Handbook , Chapter 3, Ninth Edition (New York: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 3 38. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 the walls and ceiling and use light colored surfaces. 2-6 When using fluorescent lamps to light surfaces, the color rendering index UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 13 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;3. Light walls with wallwashers Refer to Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment”. Direct daylight to ceiling and walls. Refer to Chapter 4, “Daylighting”. For exterior applications, light vertical surfaces that are in pedestrians’ field of view. Refer to specific application in Chapter 7, “Exterior Applications”. 2-7 AMBIENT/TASK/ACCENT SYSTEMS A lighting system made up of layers of ambient light, task light, and accent light improves the visual comfort in a space as well as reduces the amount of lighting energy www.lightright.org ) is working UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 14 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Add task lighting to increase light level at the point of use. Add accent lighting for visual interest. Refer to specific application in Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. \1\ 6 “Energy Management”, The IESNA Lighting Handbook , Chap ter 26, Ninth Edition (New York: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 26 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 15 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;2-8 Lighting zones allow for optimal control of the overall lighting system. A lighting zone refers to a group of luminaires that are controlled together. Many portions of the lighting system can be controlled separately including ambient, task, accent, and display lighting. When controlling electric light in response to daylight, zones can be arranged according to the luminaires proximity to windows or skylight. For example, rows of luminaires closest to a window wall should be controlled separately from the interior rows. Occupancy sensors may control a zone of luminaires over a group of workstations in an office. 2-8 Dayl ight UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 16 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;control and dim their own luminaire even in an open office configuration. 2-8 Building wide control systems may monitor as well as control the lighting systems throughout the building. Often, devices are combined to control both HVAC and lighting systems. 2-8 .10 \1\ Exterior control systems are beginning to follow the same path as interior addressable systems. By communicating with the ballast or power control unit of each roadway or area luminaire, a centralized control system can monitor a wide range of characteristics including energy consumption and outages. Additionally, this control strategy accommodates the concept of adaptive lighting standards. This concept recognizes that lighting criteria provides for the worst case scenario – conditions that may only exist for a fraction of the night or year. With more advanced contr ol systems and dimmable sources, exterior lighting can provide the appropriate amount of light for UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 17 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;initial cost comparisons. Refer to Chapter 3, “Sustainability Issues – Economic Issues”. Light sources containing mercury should be recycled. Refer to Chapter 3, “Sustainability Issues – Material Issues”. This cost must be included in a life cycle cost analysis. 2-9 Considerations for sustainable design: Consider daylighting techniques. Refer to Chapter 3, “Sustainability sues” and Chapter 4, “Daylighting”. If daylight strategies are used, additional coordination is required with the architect and mechanical engineer. Additionally, electric lighting controls must be incorporated to take advantage of the potential energy sav ings. 2- SECURITY . 2-10 I n most exterior applications, security is best achieved by reducing glare. In some circumstances such as entries and checkpoints, glare can be used to increase vertical illuminance on approa ching vehicles or individuals while increasing visibility for guards and patrols. \1\ Refer to Chapter 6 of this UFC as well as 1013/1A, Design Guidelines for Physical Security of Facilities . /1/ 2- MAINTENANCE ISSUES . 2-11 I nventory Minimization. Lamp types should be consolidated across luminaire types to minimize the number of various lamps that need to be stocked by maintenance. When designing lighting systems for a facility, trade UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 18 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;An incandescent lamp may have a very low initial cost but may have to be replaced several times a year, while an induction lamp or LED may not be replaced for decades. 2-11 Considerations for improved maintenance: Minimize lamp types on an individual project. Group re lamp luminaires within individual areas. Provide all luminaires with means of re lamping and maintenance. Select e UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 19 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES 3-1 INTRODUCTION \1\ Provide sustainable design to achieve the required LEED or other agency certification level in accordance with UFC 4 . /1/ Incorporating \1\ sustainable goals /1/ into the design process requires a careful analysis of both the cost and the benefits of the strategies outlined in the rating system. Any design strategy has both http://www.wbdg.org/design/designobjectives.php and Daylighting at http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php for more information. \1\ /1/ 3- 2.1 The US Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED ) Rating System. The LEED Version 2.1 rating system measures the “green” performance of new and existing commercial, institutional, and high rise residential buildings. The system is divided into six categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation and Design Process. 3- 2.1.1 Sustainable Sites Credit 8, Light Pollution Reduction. This credit Within each category, 7 US Green Building Council. “Introduction”. LEED™ Reference Guide. Copyright 2001. p 3. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 20 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;addresses exterior site lighting and its contribution to light pollution and potential for light trespass. These issues are addressed in Chapter 3 “Sustainability Issues” along with strategies to minimize both. 3- 2.1.2 Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite 2, Minimum Energy Performance. This prerequisite requires that the provisions of ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 21 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;3-3 COSTS / BENEFITS While the cost and benefit of any design strategy must be evaluated with respect to an individual project, some issues are common to the sustainable design of any facility. 3- 3.1 Daylighting. Uti lizing daylight to provide the light in the building has the benefit of reducing lighting energy requirements while improving the quality of the indoor spaces. However, it also UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 22 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;3-4 UTILIZING DAYLIGHT The introduction and control of daylight into interior spaces has a twofold benefit. It can reduce the amount of energy that is necessary to light interior spaces and it also has a significant effect on the indoor environmental quality for the occupants. 3- 4.1 Daylight is a reliable and efficient light source. When properly controlled, it can provide quality and adequate light levels without becoming a source of glare or overheating a space. Architectural shading devices including overhangs and canopies can provide sufficient ambient light while eliminating http://www.wbdg.org/references/mou_daylight.php 3-5 LOW ENERGY USE Energy efficiency in buildings necessitates a holistic approach to the design of the 8 The Heschong Mahone Group, “Daylighting in Schools”, http://www.h -m- g.com/projects/daylighting/summaries%20on%20daylighting.htm UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 23 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;with the application to select the most efficacious source that will light the surface or task appropriately. 3- 5.2 Efficacy is often the focus of energy efficiency in lighting systems. While this is important, it is not the only strategy for reducing energy consumption. As described in the Surface Brightness, Task / Ambient, and Controls sections of Lighting Design Considerations, what the lighting design illuminates, how it is layered into separate systems, and how it is controlled (in response to daylight and occupancy) all affect the energy consumption. Increasing surface brightness can reduce the amount of energy necessary to light a space. Dividing the lighting system into task and ambient components allows the ambient system to use less lighting energy and an increase in light levels is provided only where it is required: at the task, not throughout the entire space. By controlling these lighting components separately, only the energy that is required at any given time is consumed. 3-6 MATERIAL ISSUES . 3- 6.1 Mercury Content. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 into the atmosphere and adds to the sky glow. This often occurs at outdoor areas such as motor pools and sports fields. Figure 3 1. Los Angeles, 1908 (left), Los Angeles, 1976 (right) . gure 3 2. Unshielded and non cutoff luminaires lead to light pollution 3- 7.2 To minimize light pollution, use fully shielded luminaires or IESNA full cut off type for area and roadway lighting as illustrated in Figure 3 3. The use of full cutoff \1\ (fully shielded) /1/ luminaires may reduce uniformity and therefore require greater pole heights or spacing. \1\ Unshielded /1/ luminaires may also be used at low mounting heights if the lumen output of the lamp is limited to 4200 lumens. These applications, such as pedestrian and entry lighting, typically require greater vertical illuminance for UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 25 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;3-8 LIGHT TRESPASS Light trespass is referred to as nuisance glare or the “light shining in my window” effect. It is usually caused by a glare source that is bright compared to the darker night surround. Since glare inhibits our ability to “see” tasks and decreases contrast, all designs must minimize glare. 3- 8.1 Uncontrolled light sources (floodlights) are usually the cause of light trespass. Not only does light trespass cause neighbor annoyance, but it also increases light pollution. Figure 3 4. Glare results in loss of visibility . 3- 8.1.1 minimize light trespass, use only fully shielded or IESNA full cutoff luminaires for area lighting. When unshielded luminaires such as wall packs and decorative luminaires are used at low mounting heights, reduce the lamp brightness to that of a 4200 lumen lamp (similar to a 55 watt induction lamp) or less. Do not overlight areas because reflected light can also result in complaints and poor visibility by increasing visual adaptation. Also, consider dimming or turning lighting off when not needed and activate with motion sensors or timers when activity occurs. Figure 3 5. Fully shielded or IESNA full cut off luminaires (left) are recommended. Do not use unshielded floodlights (right). UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 26 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;3-9 ECONOMIC ISSUES The economic benefits of sustainable building strategies may not be immediately UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 27 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;of the 4 ft (1.2 m) lamps and also may not be an appropriate brightness. Luminaires need to be specifically designed for use with T5 and T5HO lamps to control the brightness. 3- 10.2.3 Specific lamp and ballast combinations offer greater light output, extended UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Carefully consider changes in lighting systems and furniture systems so that lighting formity is not compromised. As shown in Figure 3 6, a lighting system that provides uniform illuminance on the work plane in one furniture configuration may not provide the same uniformity in a different configuration. 3- 10.5.1 In the case shown, an additional luminaire is required to adequately light the center workstation. This increases the amount of energy required to light the same area. In such a condition, the use of a semi 9 Used with permission. Hayden McKay Lighting Design. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 29 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;3- 10.6.3 Semi indirect Indirect pendant manufacturers offer short pendant luminaires for low ceiling applications. These luminaires use refined optics to spread light out and light the ceiling with a pendant length of under 0.3 m (12 ). These luminaires allow semi indirect lighting systems in spaces with a ceiling height of 2.4 m (8 ft). 3- 10.7 Existing HID Industrials, Floodlights, Downlights and Othe Luminaires. 3- 10.7.1 Replace mercury vapor lighting systems with one of the following approaches: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 30 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 4: DAYLIGHTING 4-1 BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHT Daylight in interior spaces has multiple benefits. Daylighted environments provide a connection to the outdoors, are healthier for occupants and have the potential to save http://www.wbdg.org/references/mou_daylight.php , introducing daylight into interior spaces is a top priority. Daylight is a natural resource that is more efficient than electric ligh t and should be utilized to its fullest potential (Refer to Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment” for efficacy of light sources). Per the requirements of the Sustainable MOU, achieve a minimum of daylight factor of 2 percent (excluding all direct sunlight The Heschong Mahone Group, “Daylighting in Schools”, http://www.h -m- g.com/projects/daylighting/summaries%20on%20daylighting.htm 11 http://www.h -m- California Energy Commission. (2003). Windows and Offices: A study of office worker performance and the indoor environment (Catalogue No. P500 -A- 9). “Design Objectives, Productive”, Whole Building Design Guide , 22 August 2002 http://www.wbdg.org/design/productive.php New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Lighting and Human Performance”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 2. 2001 Edition, p.2 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 31 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;commercial “Philip Burton Federal Building”, Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Daylighting Initiative, 1999, http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/edusafety/training/pec/daylight/1487Gate_repaginated .pdf Rubins tein, Francis; Jennings, Judith; Avery, Douglas; “Preliminary Results from an Advanced Lighting Controls Testbed”, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, March 1998 http://e etd.lbl.gov/btp/papers/41633.pdf “California State Automobile Association Office”, Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Daylighting Initiative, 1999, http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/edusafety/training/pec/daylight/1487CSAA_repaginated.pdf New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Lighting Controls”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 8. 2001 Edition, p. 8 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 32 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;2. Do not attempt to duplicate daylight with electric light – supplement it. Commission controls to maximize and tune energy benefit. 4-5 MAXIMIZE DAYLIGHT POTENTIAL Building orientation, views, side and top lighting, shading devices, and selective glazing are all critical to maximizing daylight potential. All of the following recommendations are for the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, recommendations regarding north and south orientations are reversed. Also, interior spaces should have high http://www.wbdg.org/resources/balancing_objectives.php 4- 5.1 Over 60% of existing square footage of interior spaces (within the US) has access to roofs for top hting and 25% of existing national square footage has access to side lighting. 4- 5.2 Considerations to maximize daylight potential: Maximize view windows on the north and south facades. Heschong, Lisa, “Daylighting Workshop”, Pacific Energy Center, (March 2003). UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 34 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Figure 4 1. Examples of daylighting strategies . 4-6 GLAZING ORIENTATION. Building orientation is critical to maximizing daylight potential. North - and south facing buildings provide the most effective orientations while East - and West facing buildings Slope ceiling to increase ceiling Vertical glass is ed by overhang on south side. No overhang required on north side. Lightshelf reflects light onto ceiling and shades view windows. Toplighting for interior of the space. High Summer Low Winter Low angle sunlight allows thermal gain, but also introduces potential for direct glare. Poor daylight SOUTH Good daylight SOUTH NORTH NORTH UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Figure 4 3. Example of architectural shading devices . 4- 6.1 Considerations for orienting glazing: Orient building to maximize north and south exposures. North facing windows provide the most even illumination. If orientation is off axis from north and south, provide shading devices for south east and south west exposures. Provide architectural shading devices for south orientations. Provide manual shading devices for south orientations. Horizontal blinds best control the high angle light on southern exposures. Provide manual shading devices for east and west orientations. Vertical blinds best control the low angle light on east and west exposures. 4-7 GLAZING CHARACTERISTICS Use selective glazing to optimize and tune glass based on its purpose and use (clerestory or vision). Clerestory glass may require high visibility transmittance without UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Sample Glass Types Total Daylight Transmittance % Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Clear Double Insulating Glass (1/8" thick) 0.75 Laminated Glass (1/2" clear) 0.72 HM 88/Clear 0.57 HM SC75/Clear 0.36 HM 55/Clear 0.30 Minimize infrared transmittance by specifying a moderate to low shading coefficient (SC) or low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) (50% or lower) Use high transmittance glazing greater than 60% to maximize daylight. Glazing should also have a high thermal resistance ratio in order to minimize heat gain. . Use clear glazing. Do not use tinted or mirrored coatings. Table 4 1. Comparison of glass types (from AlpenGlass Heat Mirror). 4-8 QUANTITY OF GLAZING Through simple tools and modeling, glazing quantities can be optimized in order to provide maximum daylight potential while minimizing economic costs. Bring daylight in high through clerestories and top Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Glazing Selection”, Tips for Daylighting with Windows, The Integrated Approach , Section 4, p. 4 . New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Luminaires and Light Distribution, Daylight Systems”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 7. 2001 Edition, p. 7 The Heschong Mahone Group, “Optimizing Your Design”, Skylighting Guidelines, Ch1, 1998, p.1 -1-5- The Heschong Mahone Group, “Optimizing Your Design” , Skylighting Guidelines , Ch5, 1998, p . 5- UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Figure 4 4. Diagrams of Toplighting Strategies . Vertical baffles block direct sunlight. High reflectance surfaces redirect and diffuse sunlight. Splay directs light and reduces contrast. Horizontal Skylights with Splay Vertical glass is shaded by overhang on south side. No overhang required on north side. Reflective roof directs light onto hori zontal surface. Roof Monitor High reflectance surfaces redirect and diffuse sunlight. Vertical glass is shaded by overhang. Angled Clerestory UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Figure 4 5 Examples of Toplighting Applications . Figure 4 6. Example of Clerestory Application . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 39 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Figure 4 7. Examples of Sidelighting Applications . Photograph: Eric Laignel 4-8-2 Considerations for quantity of glazing: Sidelighting windows should be located as high as possible since effective US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Sidelighting vs. Toplighting”, National Best Practices Manual, Daylighting and Windows , p. 73. . New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Luminaires and Light Distribution, Daylight Systems”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 7. 2001 Edition, p. 7 US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Toplighting”, National Best Practices Manual, Daylighting and Windows , p. 75. U UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Toplighting systems located at least 1.5 times the mounting height on center can provide even daylight distribution. The Heschong Mahone Group, “Designing with Skylights”, Skylighting Guidelines , Chapter 2, 1998, pp. 2 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 41 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Utilize top lighting systems with vertical glazing to control direct radiation. If horizontal glazing is designed for top lighting systems, then provide splayed openings or translucent shielding below the skylight in order to minimize the contrast. Avoid punched windows; use continuous or mostly continuous side lighting. Use high reflectance surfaces for ceiling and walls (80% or greater for ceilings and 50% or greater fo r walls) 4- ACTIVE DAYLIGHTING . Active daylighting strategies and devices utilize a mechanical component to collect and distribute daylight. Such devices differ from the passive strategies that have prev iously been discussed which are stationary. The example shown in figure 4 10 turn a series of reflectors as the sun moves throughout the day. These reflectors catch the direct sunlight and redirect it through the skylight. 4- 10.1 Such devices add extra initial cost and also pose additional maintenance issues. However, they also can make use of daylight for a longer period of time throughout the day. With tracking devices, effective daylighting can begin earlier in the morning and last later in the day than with stationary skylights. Careful evaluation of the lifecycle cost and the energy savings must be considered. Figure 4 10. Example of an Active Daylighting System that Tracks the Sun and Directs Daylight into the Building . “Office Lighting”, Lighting Handbook Reference and Application , Chapter 11, Ninth Edition (New York: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 42 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;4- PHYSICAL MODELING Daylight levels depend on many factors such as window shapes, orientation, shading and time of day. Therefore, physical models built to scale can provide information on light quality, shade, shadows, and actual light levels. By building the model with the actual proposed materials and orienting it with adjustments for latitude, season, and time of day, the light quality can be seen in the model. Such models inform the designer about quality issues including light patterns, shade, shadows, contrast, and http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/ Whole Building Design Guide Energy Analysis Tools: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 43 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 5: LIGHTING EQUIPMENT 5-1 “Economics of Energy Effective Lighting for Offices”, Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Lighting Resources, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/economics_eel.pdf UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 44 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;addition, specify compatible equipment. For example, when lighting is controlled with occupancy sensors, the ballast and lamp need to respond to this type of frequent control. Lamps that work well with occupancy sensors are rapid start and programmed start fluorescent and induction lamps. Instant start fluorescent and HID lamps are not compatible with occupancy sensors. 5- 1.3 Energy Models . Even though energy efficient lighting reduces the building operating energy use, lower ghting energy also decreases HVAC loads. Decreased HVAC loads can represent initial cost savings. Energy models should be performed for each building to estimate the impact of daylighting, building envelope design, energy efficient electric lighting, hting controls, HVAC loads and controls. These models will best inform the designers on system wide decisions and the life cycle cost impacts. 5- 1.4 Federal economic analysis . Refer to FEMP Economics for Energy Effective Lighting for Offices for life cycl e cost analysis examples. Lighting system options have been calculated for open and small offices showing energy usage, illuminance levels, quality visual design factors, initial costs per square foot, annual operating costs per square foot, simple payback in years and Federal Savings to Investment Ratios. 5- 1.5 IESNA economic analysis . Chapter 25 “Lighting Economics” in the Lighting Handbook states multiple cost “Energy Management”, Lighting Handbook Reference and Application , Chapter 26, Ninth Edition (Ne w York: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 26 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 designed for 2.4 m (8.0 ft) ceilings. Figure 5 1. Pendant Mounted Luminaires . 5- 2.2 Wall Mounted Luminaires. Sconces or uplights may light the wall, ceiling, or provide a decorative glo w. Steplights, often recessed into a wall, are located low on a wall can illuminate pathways and stairs. Figure 5 2. Wall Mounted Luminaires . 5- 2.3 Ceiling or Surface Mounted Luminaires. Ceil ing or surface mounted luminaires provide a downlight and may also glow, depending on the type of housing and lens. Fluorescent luminaires are available in linear or compact versions. This type of luminaire is mounted directly to the ceiling. Lenses should adequately diffuse the light so as not to become a glare source and to prevent an image of the lamp from showing on the lens. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Figure 5 3. Ceiling / Surface Mounted Luminaires . 5- 2.4 Recessed Luminaires. Luminaires that are recessed into the ceiling typically light the horizontal surface below, or possibly an adjacent wall. These types of luminaires are often used for general ambient lighting. However, they are most appropriately used as task lighting or accent lighting / wallwashing. Semi recessed luminaires use a lens or shade, dropped below the ceiling plane, to provide a decorative element as well as put some brightness on the ceiling. All recessed luminaires have a housing above the ceiling that contains the lamp and provides power. The housing must be suitable for the luminaire location. For example, in an insulated ceiling, the housing must be rated for contact with insulation or “IC” rated. Figure 5 4. Recessed and Semi Recessed Luminaires . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 47 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;5- 2.5 Track Lighting. Track mounted luminaires are adjustable and can also be relocated along the length of UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Figure 5 6. Pole Mounted Exterior Luminaires . 5- 2.6.5 Exterior Luminaire Classification. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) classifies exterior luminaires by intensity distribution. Tables 5 2 describe the distribution and cutoff classification. One classifi cation refers to the illuminance pattern produced on the ground or horizontal surface (Table 5 1) and the other refers to the vertical candela distribution of light from an individual luminaire (Table 5 2). Each successive classification provides more vertical illuminance, but also introduces more glare and stray uplight. Full cutoff or fully shielded luminaires are typically used for roadway and area lighting to minimize glare, light trespass, and light pollution. Semi cutoff and non cutoff should be used only at low mounting heights and with low output lamps. Refer to paragraph 3 7.2 for additional requirements. \1\ It is important to note that the classification of exterior luminaires has changed. The Full cutoff terminology has been replaced by the B UG (Backlight Uplight Glare) rating system. A rating of 0 5 is applied to each of the three zones: Backlight Zone, Uplight Zone, and Glare Zone. For example, the term Full Cutoff corresponds to a “0” in the Uplight Zone (U0). For more information, see, IES NA TM 15. /1/ Exterior sports lighting luminaires are classified according to the width of the beam spread and the projection distance to the field. Table 5 3 outlines these seven classifications. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 49 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Table 5 1. Exterior Luminaire Distribution Classification Type Description Plan View Type I Type II Slightly wider illuminance pattern than Type I. Type III Wide illuminance pattern. pe IV Widest illuminance pattern. Type V Type VS Table 5 2. Exterior Luminaire Cutoff Classification. TYPE DESCRIPTION APPLICATIONS Full Cutoff A luminaire light distribution where zero candela intensity occurs at an angle of 90° above nadir and at all greater angles from nadir. Additionally, the candela per 1000 lumens does not numerically exceed 100 (10%) at a vertical angle of 80° above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Use for roadway, parking, and other vehicular lighting applications. Minimizes glare and light pollution and light trespass. Cutof A luminaire light distribution where the candela per 1000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at an angle of 90° above nadir, and 100 (10%) at a vertical angle of 80° above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Use in applications where pedestrians are present. Provides more vertical illuminance than Full Cutoff luminaires. Semicutoff A luminaire light distribution where the candela per 1000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 50 (5%) at an angle of 90° above nadir, and 200 (20%) at a vertical angle of 80° above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Use in pedestrian areas. If using in residential areas, provide with houseside shields to minimize light trespass. Noncutoff A luminaire l ight distribution where there is no candela limitation in the zone above maximum candela. Use for decorative applications only. Lamp brightness should be less than 4200 lumens. Fully Shielded Use for roadway, parking, and other vehicular lighting applications. Minimizes glare and light pollution and light trespass. “Luminaires”, Lighting Handbook Reference and Application , Chapter 7, Ninth Edition (New York: The UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Beam Type Beam Spread Degree Range Projection Distance 10 to 18 240 ft and greater 18 to 29 200 to 240 ft 29 to 46 175 to 200 ft 46 to 70 145 to 175 ft 70 to 100 105 to 145 ft 100 to 130 80 to 105 ft under 80 ft Table 5 3. NEMA Field Angle Classifications. 5- 2.7 Maintenance. Consider luminaire maintenance in the design process. By selecting long life sources, the frequency of re lamping can be reduced. Evaluate the ability to perform future maintenance in the installed location. For example, lighting in atriums, high maintenance bays, and other difficult to access lighting can be very hard to maintain. “Sports and Recreational Area Lighting”, Lighting Handbook Reference and Application , Chapter 20, UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 51 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;5- 3.1 Lamp Comparisons. Table 5 4 compares lamp types based on the following characteristics: efficacy (lumens of light per watt of energy), lamp life (the expected time of operation until 50% of the lamps are out), color temperature (the color of light emitted from the lamp), color rendering (how the light from the lamp shows other colors), start (time until the lamp is at full brightness), lumen maintenance (how the light output decreases over the lamp life), effects of ambient temperature on the lamp, and cost. This comparison illustrates that there is no “best” lamp. Choose lamps based on the criteria that are most appropriate to the project. Efficacy may be the guiding criteria to save the most energy; color rendering may be the most important issue in an area where colors will be viewed; or lamp life will be critical in hard to maintain areas. Table 5 4. Comparison of Lamps . 5- 3.2 L amp Effica cy. Lamp Efficacy is the number of lumens produced by a lamp per watt of electrical input. Efficacy (lumens / watt) Lamp Life (hours) Color Temp. (Kelvin) Color Rendering Index Start Time Re- strike Time Lumen Maintenance (%) Dimming Capabilities Effects of Temperature Initial Cost Compact Fluorescent 60 - 75 10,000 2700 - 4100 00 83 - 87 with dimming ballast longer start and warm- up time in low temperatures Med Linear Fluorescent T8 80 - 95 20,000 2700 - 410075 - 85 00 83 - 87 with dimming ballast longer start and warm- up time in low temperatures Linear Fluorescent T5HO 80 - 95 20,000 2700 - 410075 - 85 00 90 - 95 with dimming ballast full output only at 35 degrees C (95 degrees F). Lower temperatures increase start time and light output Med Induction 60 - 75 100,000 3000 - 4000 00 will soon be developed low temperatures decrease light output Very High Metal Halide 80 - 90 10,000 - 20,000 3000 - 420065 - 90 5-10 min up to 15 min 80 - 85 yes, but expensive High High Pressure Sodium 90 - 105 24,000+ 1900 - 210021 - 85 5 min1 min 88 - 92 nonenone High Low Pressure Sodium 100 - 160 16,0001800poor 7-15 min 7 - 15 min 100nonenone Med Mercury Vapor 35 - 55 24,000 4000 - 590020 - 4510 min10 min60 - 65 nonenone Med LED minimum 50,000 (L70) 3000 - 6500 00 70% (at 50,000 hours) with variable power supply high ambient temperatures may adversely affect lumen depreciation and life High Tungsten Halogen 18 - 22 2000 - 2800 - 3100 00 93 - 97 dimmablenone Incandescent 15 - 18 1000 - 2700 - 3000 00 83 - 87 dimmablenone UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 52 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;(see paragraph 2 5.2.5) for exterior lighting applications. Figure 5 7. E fficacy Comparison of Light Sources for General Lighting. Ballast watts included for discharge lamp systems. Sunlight and daylight ranges calculated inside of single pane clear glass and high performance glass. 5- 3.3 Compact Fluorescent Lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) replace the standard incandescent lamp. Because New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Light Sources and Ballast Systems”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 6. 2001 Edition, 6 3. Neither the sponsors, authors, editors, advisors, publisher, or the New Buildings Institute, Inc. nor any of its employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 53 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;shielded. 5- 3.3.3 In decorative wall sconces, pendants, table lamps, and torchiers, use 3000K CFL. Use either 3000K or 3500K CFL for wall washers, exterior pedestrian and landscape lighting. In other cases, match the color temperature of all different kinds of lamps in an area. 5- 3.3.4 Requirements for compact fluorescent lamps: Do not use compact fluorescent lamps less than 13 watts. Use electronic or electronic dimming ballasts for all CFL. Do not mix compact fluorescent lamp color temperatures within a single building to minimize maintenance and the chance of visual co nfusion. U- Bent fluorescent lamps are not economically feasible and should not be UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 54 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;ballasts with these high performance lamps, the lamps gain a significant life advantage as well. A particular system for (1) 1.2 m (4 ft) T8 lamp produces 3100 initial lumens, uses 25 watts, provides 85 CRI, and has an average life of 30,000 hours. It is important to keep in mind that all of these additional advantages are only achieved when the optimized ballast is paired with the high performance lamp. Also, an improvement in one lamp characteristic may be achieved at the expense of another. For example, the ballasts may or may not be available as dimming or rapid start. Such a premium lamp can be used on a dimming ballast, but it will not have the lamp life benefit. On a dimming or any non optimized, ballast, the lamp will have an average of 20,000 to 24,000 hours. See the section on ballasts for additional information. Refer to the controls section for compatible devices with various ballast types. 5- 3.4.4 Requirements for linear fluorescent lamps: Use electronic or electronic dimming ballasts for all linear fluorescents. Do not mix linear fluorescent lamp color temperatures within a single building to minimize maintenance and the chance of visual confusion. T12 lamps are prohibited. (The Energy Policy Act of 1992 ended production of many of these lamps.) 5- 3.4.5 C onsiderations for linear fluorescent lamps: U se 3500K and 75+ CRI as the default color temperature and color rendering index. Use 3000K in housing and hospitality applications. Use 3500K in all other applications except for maintenance facilities where 4000K may be used. Consider T8, T5HO, and High Performance T8 lamp/ballast combinations based on the application, initial cost, and potential energy savings. 5- 3.5 Induction Lamps. Induction lamps are essentially fluorescent lamps without electrodes. Therefore, they have very high efficiencies and extremely long lives (70,000 100,000 hours). Induction lamps have many of the fluorescent lamp advantages such as superior color rendering, instant on/off switching, and long life. 5- 3.5.1 Despite the high initial cost, these lamps offer significant cost be nefits regarding low energy and maintenance costs. Because a typical relamping schedule UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 55 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;reduces the payback period even more. 5- 3.5.2 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 56 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;improved lumen maintenance and longer lamp life. (Available for vertical lamps only.) http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/browse_cat.php?o=30&c=212 Air Force comply with ETL 10 18 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fixture Design and Installation Criteria for Interior and Exterior Lighting UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 57 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Applications available at: http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/browse_cat.php?o=33&c=125 /1/ 5- 3.8 High Pressure Sodium / Low Pressure Sodium Lamps. High Pressure Sodium lamps are typically used for exterior applications. Although high pressure sodium lamps have long lives (20,000 hours) and appear to be efficacious, there are several problems with them. The most important is the lack of short wavelength light such as blue and green light. As a result, one’s peripheral vision under nighttime exterior lighting conditions, does not respond well to the color of light of the high pressure sodium lamps. White light can be two to twenty times more effective for UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 58 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ; &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;• Do not use standard incandescent lamps. Except for specialty applica tions such as photograph development areas. 5- 3.9.2 Considerations for incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps: Limit the use of tungsten halogen lamps. When low level accent lighting is necessary for a special application, use tungsten halogen lamps with a minimum efficacy of 20 lumens per watt. Xenon lamps can be used as an alternative to standard incandescent lamps especially in landscape lighting applications. These lamps have a significantly longer life. When tungsten halogen is absolutely necessary, the lighting must be on an easily accessible dimmer to extend lamp life. Use alternative sources such as compact fluorescent in place of standard incandescent lighting. 5-4 BALLASTS AND POWER SUPPLIES . 5- 4.1 Electronic Ballasts. The use of electronic ballasts as opposed to older technology core and coil ballasts reduces the energy requirements of fluorescent and HID sources. The nominal wattage of a fluorescent or HID lamp is typically lower than the wattage that the lamp/ballast system actually draws, or the “input watts”. For example, a thirty two watt compact fluorescent lamp draws thirty five watts through the ballast when in operation. This input wattage is minimized with electronic ballasts. They also have the benefits of less noise, reduced flicker, smaller size, less weight, and lower starting temperature. 5- 4.2 Linear Fluorescent. Select ballasts for linear fluorescent lamps that operate at a high frequency (greater than 30 KHz) and low total harmonic distortion. Provide ballasts with a high \1\ power/1/ factor (greater than 0.95). Provide programmed start ballasts for T5 and T5HO lamps that include end of life protection. 5- 4.2.1 Instant Start fluorescent ballasts have the advantage of lower input wattages. However, if the lamps are switched frequently, the instant start will decrease the life of the lamp. Therefore, the energy savings is only a benefit in applications where the lamps will be turned on and left on for a long period of time. These must not be used in applications where individual occupants have control over the lighting or with automatic controls such as daylight and occupancy sensors. 5- 4.2. Rapid Start fluorescent ballasts start the lamp in a softer manner that takes a few seconds to turn on, but does not decrease the life of the lamp with frequent UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 59 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;switching. They do not have the same energy benefit as instant start ballasts. 5- 4.2. Programmed Start fluorescent ballasts delay the heating of the lamp when it is started . This ballast increases the lamp life and also operates the lamp at a slightly lower input wattage than rapid start ballasts. However, the input wattage is slightly higher than instant start ballasts. Some manufacturers are discontinuing the rapid star ballast and replacing them with programmed start. Use Programmed Start fluorescent ballasts in areas controlled with occupancy sensors. 5- 4.3 Compact Fluorescent. Select ballasts for compact fluorescent lamps that operate with a high power factor (great er than 90%). Provide programmed start ballasts for compact fluorescent lamps that include end of life protection. In exterior applications that experience cold temperatures, provide low temperature ballasts to improve start up time. 5- 4.4 High Intensity Discharge. Provide HID ballasts with a high power factor (minimum of 90%). Provide electronic ight Sources”, Lighting Handbook Reference and Application , Chapter 6, Ninth Edition (New York: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 60 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;5- 4.9 Interference. “Lighting Values”, Light Right Consortium , 2001 - http://www.lightright.org UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 61 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;to turn off if no one is in the area. 5- 5.1.2 Non task inant areas. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 62 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;\1\ Table 5-5 Required Control Devices for Different Building Applications. SPACE TYPE CONTROL DEVICE OCCUPANCY SENSOR CCUPANCY SENSOR WITH MULTI LEVEL / BI LEVEL SWITCHING OR DIMM ING Classroom Conference/Meeting Room File/Storage Closet/Room Hallway Janitor Closet/Room Lunch/Break Room Private Offices Restrooms Stairwell Telecommunication (Telcom) Closet/Room Warehouse (stacks) Note: Do not control lighting that provides illumination for working spaces about electrical service equipment such as switchboards, panelboards, or motor control centers with occupancy sensors or timers. /1/ UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 63 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Table 5 6. Recommended Control Devices for Different Building Applic ations. Strategy Space Type Wallbox Occ. Sensor Ceiling/Wall Occ. Sensor Personal Occ. Sensor Timer Time Clock Device Multilevel Switching Manual Wallbox Dimmer Wireless Remote Dimmer Photoswitch Photosensor Assembly & Light Manufacturering   Auditoriums  Classrooms  Concourses, Lobbies, Malls   Conference Rooms   Exterior Lighting  File/Storage Rooms   Gymnasiums Hallways  Laboratories   Library Reading Areas  Library Stacks  Locker Rooms  Lunch/Break Rooms  Medical Suite/Exam Rooms   Museums   Open Offices   Private Offices   Restaurants  Restrooms   Warehouse   Scheduling Daylighting and Tuning = good application = limited application New Buildings Institute, Inc. “Lighting Controls”, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 8. 2001 Edition, 8 5, 8 12. Neither the sponsors, authors, editors, advisors, publisher, or the New Buildings Institute, Inc. nor any of its employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 64 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Table 5 7. Lighting Control Energy Savings Examples by Application and Control Type Table 5 8. Lighting Control Considerations . Light Source Switching Considerations Dimming Considerations Compact Fluorescent With frequent switching (including occu pancy controls) use programmed or rapid start ballasts. Provide ballasts with end-of-life protection. Requires electronic dimming ballasts and compatible controls. Dimming cannot decrease light below a minimum point without flicker. Some color shift occurs when dimmed. Systems can dim lights smoothly and effectively to 5%-10% of initial lamp output. 1% dimming is available but significantly more expensive. Linear Fluorescent Inexpensive. With frequent switching (including occupancy controls) use programmed or rapid start ballasts. Do not use instant start ballasts. Requires electronic dimming ballasts and compatible controls. Dimming cannot decrease light below a minimum point without flicker. Some color shift when dimmed. Systems can dim lights smoothly and effectively to 5%-10% of initial lamp output. 1% dimming is available but significantly more expensive. Induction No operating issues. Dimming is not available. HID Sources Inexpensive. Due to warm up and restart times, access to switches should be limited. Not suitable for occupancy sensors or frequent switching. Requires special ballasts and control systems. Dimming cannot decrease light below a minimum point. Lamp efficacy of source diminishes with dimming. Significant color shift and lamp life problems. LED No operating issues. Requires a dimming power supply. Tungsten Halogen and Incandescent No operating issues. Will extend lamp life. Dimming is full range and appealing. Some energy savings. Space Type Controls Type Maximum Expected Yearly Energy Savings Private Office Occupancy Sensor Sidelighting w/ photosensor Manual dimming or multilevel switching Open Office Sidelighting w/ photosensor Occupancy Sensor Classroom Multilevel switching Sidelighting w/ photosensor Occupancy sensor Grocery Store Adaptive compensation Toplighting w/ photosensor Big Box Retail Toplighting w/ photosensor Bilevel switching UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 65 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;5-6 EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTING . 5- 6.1 Introduction. The purpose of emergency lighting is to ensure the continuation of illuminance along the path of egress from a building and provide adequate light for the orderly cessation of activities in the building. The purpose of exit lights is to identify the path of egress. Both types of lighting must be powered from both a normal power source and an emergency source, with automatic switching from one to the other. 5- 6.2 In some specific situations, emergency lighting might be required for specific spaces or work areas that are not on the path of egress. There are often areas where work of a critical nature must continue regardless of loss of normal power, such as a computer mainframe room. In health care fa cilities, including hospitals, skilled nursing homes, and residential custodial care facilities, lighting for the path of egress UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 67 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;clean room, food preparation area, or other unusual requirements 5- 7.3 Structural Suppo . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 68 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;\1\ CHAPTER 6: SECURITY LIGHTING 6- PHYSICAL SECURITY DEFINITIONS 6- 1.1 Physical Security. That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent or delay unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. 6- 1.2 Physical Security System. A system comprised of people, equipment, and operational procedures that control 6-2 SECURITY LIGHTING OVERVIEW . 6- 2.1 Security Lighting Objectives. Security lighting is one component of a larger physical security system. While the level of protection may vary, the lighting must supplement and facilitate all other measures taken UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 69 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;forces at an entry control point, sensitive inner areas, boundaries, or the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras. In all cases, the lighting enhances visibility for either an individual or device and facilitates their performance. 6- 2.1.1 In the simplest form, security lighting provides a clear view of an area for security personnel while reducing concealment opportunities for aggressors. A physical UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 70 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;6- 3.1.2 Standby. With t his system, the luminaires are either automatically or manually turned on at times UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 71 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Figure 6 2. Example of controlled lighting: single fence line Figure 6 3. Example of controlled lighting: double fence line. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 72 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;6- 3.2.2 Glare Projection. One technique for Glare projection lighting is to place lights slightly inside a security UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 73 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ; &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;Figure 6 4. Example of glare projection: single fence line. . Figure 6 5. Example of glare projection: double fence line . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 74 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ; &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;6- 3.3 When designing a security lighting system, consider the viewer of the scene. Conditions for adequate visibility may differ widely depending on how a particular scene will be surveyed. The human eye sees quite differently from the lens of a security camera. Additionally, a camera may not require visible light at all or be hampered by the addition of visibl e light. In many applications, the lighting will be for guards, patrols, or other security personnel. The human eye responds to light to provide two types of vision: off axis and on axis. 6- 3.3.1 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 75 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;of white light in greater UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 76 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Coordinate locations of luminaires with gates, fences, standoff requirements, trees and shrubs. Avoid locations which will result in shadows that could be used by aggressors for hiding. 6- 4.5.3 Electronic Security Systems. Investigate ways that the lighting system may be integrated with the alarm system. Are some lights automatically turned on when a zone goes into alarm? How might the lighting change once an alarm has been initiated? Design the lighting system so that luminaires are not in the field of view of the camera. Verify the camera illumination requirements and limitations for proper function and display. 6-4 .5.4 Operational. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 77 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;6- 5.3.1 Illuminat UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 78 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Luminaires mounted to the side and behind security personnel will improve identification tasks. 6- 5.4.3 Response Zone. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 80 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;(5.4 lx) with luminaires under photocell control. To reduce energy consumption, consider occupancy sensors for control of lighting in enclosed spaces. 6- 5.5.7 Lighting Interference. Security lighting can visually interfere with lighting used as aids to navigation (ATON) by ships. Lighting ashore can camouflage, outshine, or otherwise conceal ATON. Ensure that lighting ashore and in the waterfront compound does not conflict with or otherwise conceal the ATON lights. Coordinate security lighting requirements with Port Operations. 6- 5.6 Airfields. UFC 3 01, Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design , specifically prohibit light emissions – either directly or indirectly (reflected) – that may interfere with pilot vision in UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 81 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Figure 6 6. CCTV camera’s view of scene with excessive glare . 6- 5.7.2 Color rendering index. For color cameras, the color rendering index of the sources lighting the area should be above 80. While color rendering is less important for monochrome systems, high pressure sodium lamps should still be avoided as their limited spectral distribution may render a fuzzy image. 6- 5.7.3 Uniform vertical illuminance. CCTV cameras typically record objects and people in elevation. Therefore, the security lighting system must provide adequate and uniform vertical illuminance. As in many security lighting applications, the amount of vertical illuminance is far more important from visible light or IR cameras. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 82 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;6- 5.10 Specific Lighting Criteria. The specific lighting criteria and design issues may vary with application. For this reason, see the appropriate security lighting application in Chapter 8. Table 6 1 summarizes the minimum horizontal and vertical illuminance levels for typical facility applications. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 83 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Individual battery packs are available for some luminaires. In the event of a power outage, these packs can power the lighting for times ranging from five minutes to two hours, depending on the battery capacity. For fluorescent or induction sources, the battery will power the ballast directly although the lamp may not provide full light output. 6- 6.2 Partial Back up Systems. Light sources requiring a re strike can be specified with a partial back up system such as quartz UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 84 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;needed, will have on UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 85 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Table 6 1. Minimum Lighting Criteria for Unaided Guard Visual Assessment . Uniformity (Maximum Allowed) Type Lighting Area uated Locations to Light Footcandles (lux) (Max : Min) Controlled Inner Clear Zone 30 (9.1) Inner lighted 0 (0) Controlled Isolation Zone f 30 (9.1) 1.0 (10) b 6:1 Controlled Outer Clear Zone 30 (9.1) Outer clear zone edge 0.2 (2) OR 0.4 (4) g 10:1 ControlledLLOP Building Entry and Exits 0.1-0.3 (1-3) 20:1 ControlledMLOP Same as LLOP and exterior walls. 0.2-0.5 (2-5) 15:1 Controlled HLOP 30' (9.1) Same as MLOP and area around facility. 0.5-1.0 (5-10) 10:1 Pedestrian --Entry 5 (50) 3:1 Vehicular (Approach and Response Zones) Pavement and sidewalk 3 (30) 4:1 ID Verification Guard station10 (100) 3:1 Horizontal plane at 3' above finished grade unless otherwise noted. Vertical illuminance, 6" above finished grade. Glare lighting may be required in expeditionary or high threat environments to extend clear zone. d Width is application dependant. Typical clear zone 30'. e Minimize illuminance in Inner Clear Zone. Some applications may require illumination of inner clear zone (backlighting). f Only applies to dual fence line applications. g Vertical illuminance, 3' above finished grade, at outer edge. Entry Control Facility / Access Control Point Application Controlled Minimum Illuminance (All Lighted Areas) Building Lighting /1/ UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 86 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 7: INTERIOR APPLI CATIONS 7-1 INTRODUCTION This chapter identifies typical interior facility applications and explains the critical design issues for each as outlined in the Quality of the Visual Environment chapter of the Lighting Handbook UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 87 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Commercially available computer programs that assume Lambertian (matte or flat) room surfaces can perform point calculations. These calculations indicate illuminance at specific points and are capable of exitance and luminance calculations as well. Some programs can incorporate objects in space to assess the lighting in a non empty room. Many programs generate perspective views of illuminated rooms, although due to the lack of specular reflectivity these rooms do not have a photo realistic appearance. 7- 2.4 Point Calculations Using Radiosity Calculations. Commercially available computer programs that allow for diffuse and specular room surfaces can perform point calculations. These calculations indicate illuminance at pecific points and are capable of exitance and luminance calculations as well. Some programs can incorporate objects in space to assess the lighting in a non empty room. Many programs generate perspective views of illuminated rooms, which in some cases an be quite realistic. 7- 2.5 Daylighting Calculations. Refer to IESNA RP or the Lighting Handbook . Daylight availability can be estimated http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php The Heschong Mahone Group, Skylighting Guidelines , 1998. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Large Lobbies \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT MINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended decorative luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + or Daylight dimming. A ALT Wall mounted uplight. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + or ide Daylight dimming. Recessed wallwasher Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Daylight dimming. Wall mounted sconce. Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Timeclock On / Off, coordinated with building sch edule. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Daylighting Integration and Control : Many lobbies are designed with daylight as a primary feature of the space. By integrating lighting controls with the daylight design, electric lighting equipment can be dimmed or turned off when not required. Appearance of Space and Luminaires Because lobbies are often the first Suspended uplights provide ceiling brightness on high ceilings. Introduce daylight and control glare. Integrate with electric lighting system. Wallwashers provide surface brig htness. Wall sconces highlight features. ALT UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 89 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;and the luminaires is an important criterion. Luminaire layout should avoi “visual clutter” of the space. Luminance of Room Surfaces Downlighting the volume of a space from a high ceiling consumes a lot of energy. Lighting the wall and ceiling surfaces can achieve increased brightness with less energy. Typically people spend a limited amount of time in such spaces and are not occupied with difficult visual tasks. Therefore, the luminances of the surfaces are far more important than the horizontal illuminance. Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) The color of accen t walls, architectural features, and artwork needs to be rendered accurately. For Modeling of Faces or Objects Ambient lighting for lobby spaces should include indirect lighting and come from multiple directions and angles. For example, if multiple systems such as sconces, pendants, and wallwashers all provide light from multiple directions, three mensional objects will appear three dimensional in form. However, if all of the lighting is aimed straight down at the floor, objects in the space will have harsh shadows and appear “flat”. : 100 lux (10 fc) aver age, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: As in most interior spaces, lobbies require the lighting of surfaces as opposed to volumes. In such high spaces, high wattage downlights are often recessed into the ceiling and aimed at the floor. After traveling through the entire volume of the space, very little light reaches the floor only to illuminate a low reflectance surface. Downlights can also create harsh shadows on people and objects. A more effective and energy efficient lighting scheme illuminates high reflective surfaces as well as specific features in an ambient / accent approach. In the figure above, decorative pendants light the ceiling. This ambient system also can be easily integrated with the available daylight in the space. Wall washers illuminate walls and artwork and sconces identify the elevator doors, assisting in wayfinding for building visitors. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Corridors \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted luminaires. Compact fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available. Consider occupancy sensors for low use corridors or after hours. Recessed downlight / wallwashers Compact fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available. Consider occupancy sensors for low use corridors or after hours. B ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available. Consider occupancy sensors for low use corridors or after hours. /1/ Recessed wallwashers light artwork or feature on the walls. Surface mounted luminaires provide ceiling brightness and vertical illuminance. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 91 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Daylight Integration and Control If daylight can be introduced into corridors, the corridor’s electric lighting can be dimmed or turned off when there is adequate light. In infrequently used corridors, occupancy sensors can also be used to provide light only when needed. Direct Glare : Avoid direct glare even in transitional spaces such as corridors. Light Distribution on Surfaces Lighting surfaces increases the perceived brightness of the space, makes the space feel larger, and can reduce the amount of energy required. Modeling of Faces or Objects Light should come from multiple directions to adequately light individuals in the corridor. A system of downlights will cast harsh shadows on an occupant’s face. Point(s) of Interest Lighting photos, art, or other displayed features in a 50 lux (5 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Although people spend little time in such transitional spaces, corridors can feel small and cramped with poor lighting and can represent a significant energy use. Lighting ceiling and wall surfaces increases the surface brightness and the overall perceived brightness of the space. This also makes the space feel larger and wider and can do so with the same or less energy than a downlighting only scheme. Surface mounted luminaires add vertical brightness on faces and also can help in indicating corridor intersections. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Individual Offices \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear, indirect / direct luminaire, mounted 0.5 – 0.9m (18” – 36”) below ceiling. (There are some luminaires available for ceiling heights of 8’.) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + onnected to occupancy sensor . Consider daylight dimming when applicab . Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Task light LED, c ompact or linear fluorescent lamp ; 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Manual on/off , consider connected to or integrated occupancy sensor. /1/ Direct / indirect luminaires selected and located to prevent direct and reflected glare. Task lighting increases illuminance on task, allowing ambient light levels to be lower. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate with electric lighting control. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Individual Offices (Alternate Scheme) \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Recessed linear direct/indirect luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperatu re, 75 CRI + onnected to occupancy sensor . Consider daylight dimming when applicable . Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Recessed downlight / wallwasher. Compact fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + onnected to occupancy nsor . Consider daylight dimming when applicable . Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Task light LED, c ompact or linear fluorescent lamp ; 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI +. Manual on/off , consider connected to or integrated occupancy sensor. Recessed direct / indirect luminaire. Task lighting increases illuminance on task, allowing ambient light levels to be lower. Recessed wall washers light artwork to add wall brightness. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate with electric lighting control. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 94 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare Lamps in the luminaire are shielded with louvers, perforations, or lenses to avoid a view of the lamps and the resultant direct glare. Luminances of Room Surfaces Room surfaces need to be illuminated t control the contrast between the occupant’s task and the surrounding surfaces in that person’s field of view. This is especially important with computer use when a person views a bright screen in the foreground. If the background is too dark, the contrast will lead to eyestrain and fatigue. Uniformity Luminance uniformity should not exceed 5:1 in immediate work surrounds, not including accent lighting. Reflected Glare When viewing tasks with a glossy finish, bright luminaire components such as visible lamps or bright lenses reflect in the surface of the task. This situation can make reading tasks annoying and at times impossible. : Task areas and luminaire locations need to be identified to avoid shadows and direct and reflected glare. 300 lux (30 fc) average ambient, 500 lux (50 fc) average on the task DISCUSSION: A task/ambient approach to the lighting in an individual office results in separate control over an ambient system (typically a suspended direct/indirect luminaire) and task lighting UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Open Offices \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear, indirect / direct luminaire, mounted 0.5 – 0.9m (18” – 36”) below ceiling. (There are some luminaires available for ceiling heights of 8’.) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimming. Manual dimming over workstations is also available. Consider the use of occupanc sensors for cubicle groups. Under cabinet task lighting designed for minimal veiling reflections. LED or 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual on/off or on local occupancy sensor. /1/ Direct/indirect luminaires selected and lo cated to prevent direct and reflected glare. increase illuminance on desks. Introduce daylight from north and south facades and control glare. Integrate daylight with electric lighting system where appropriate. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Open Offices (Alternate Scheme) \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Recessed linear , direct/indirect luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimming. Manual dimming over work stations is also available. Consider the use of occupancy sensors for cubicle groups. B Recessed wallwashers. 4’ linear fluorescent T8, T5HO or compact fluorescent lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimming. Consider the use of occupancy sensors for cubicle groups. Under cabinet task lighting. LED or 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8, T5, or T2 lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual on/off or on local cupancy sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare Lamps in the luminaires are shielded with louvers, perforations, or lenses to avoid a view of the lamps and direct glare. Luminances of Room Surfaces Room surfaces need to be illuminated t control the contrast between the occupant’s task and the surrounding Reces sed direct/indirect luminaires. increase illuminance on desks. Introduce daylight from north and south facades and control glare. Integrate daylight with electric lig hting system where appropriate. Recessed wallwashers increase surface brightness of walls. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 97 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;surfaces in that person’s field of view. This is especially important with computer use when a person views a bright screen in the foreground. If the background is too dark the contrast will lead to eyestrain and fatigue. In a large open office, the ceiling may be more prominent in someone’s field of view than the walls. Uniformity : Luminance uniformity should not exceed 5:1 in immediate work surrounds, not including accent lighti Reflected Glare With high computer use, the ceiling brightness must be uniform to prevent reflected glare in computer screens. When viewing tasks with a glossy finish on a desktop, bright luminaire components such as visible lamps or lenses reflect in the surface of the task. This situation can make reading tasks annoying and at times impossible. : Task areas and luminaire locations need to be identified to avoid shadows and direct and reflected glare. : 30 lux (30 fc) average ambient, 500 lux (50 fc) average on the task, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: A task/ambient approach to the lighting in open offices results in separate control over an ambient system (typically a suspended direct/indirect luminaire) and task lighting (a desk UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 98 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Lighting Power Density: Per \1\ ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 200 7 /1/, the lighting power density for open office areas shall not exceed 1 .0 watts/sq ft UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Waiting Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended or surface mounted decorative luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Consider daylight dimming. A ALT Recessed direct / indirect linear luminaire. Linear fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75+ CRI Consider daylight dimming. Recessed downlight/wallwasher. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Consider daylight dimming. B ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available . ask lighting LED or 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8, T5, or T2 lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual on / off or local occupancy sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Daylighting Integration and Control : If daylight can be introduced into waiting areas, the electric lighting can be \1\ dimmed or /1/ turned off when there is adequate light. Suspended or surface mounted luminaires provide surface brightness and vertical illuminance. Introduce and control dayligh t. Integrate with electric lighting system to reduce energy use. Recessed wallwashers or accent lights increase wall brightness and highlight features. Task lighting increases the illuminance on a task, allowing the ambient light levels to be lower. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Because facility visitors often : 100 lux (10 fc) average ambient, 500 lux (50 fc) average on the task, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: An effective and energy efficient lighting scheme illuminates high reflective surfaces as well as specific features in an ambient / accent approach. In the figure above, decorative pendants or surface mounted luminaires light the ceiling. This ambient system also can be easily integrated with the available daylight in the space. Wall washers illuminate walls and artwork. Because the walls make up a significant portion of our field of view, brightness on these surfaces increases the overall perceived brightness of the space. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Conference Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspende linear, indirect / direct luminaire, mounted 0.5 – 0.9m (18” – 36”) below ceiling. (There are some luminaires available for ceiling heights of 8’.) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimming if available. M anual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. Recessed downlight / wallwashers. Compact fluorescent lamp. 3500K, 80+ CRI. Daylight dimming if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. B ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Because building visitors often Wallwashers light walls and / or whiteboards. Introduce daylight from north and south facades and control glare. Provide horizontal blinds. Integrate with electric lighting system. Direct/indirect luminaires provide surface brightness and indirect ambient light. Luminaire over table provides uniform task illuminance. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Direct Glare : Lamps in the luminaires are shielded with louvers, perforations, or lenses to avoid a direct view of the lamps and the resultant glare. Light Distribution on Surfaces : Illuminate the room surfaces uniformly, especially the ceiling and walls. Patterns of light or shadows on surfaces can be distracting and confusing. Light Distribution on Task Plane : The lighting system should provide a uniform distribution of light on the conference table with minimal shadowing. This will provide a comfortable environment for writing tasks without causing fatigue or eyestrain. Luminance of Room Surfaces : Luminance, or brightness, of the room Modeling of Faces or Objects System Control and Flexibility : Control of luminaires should allow for multiple scenes or uses of the space. For example, a slide presentation may require lower ambient light levels, but adequate light on the table for occupants to take notes or read a handout. Window shades can darken : 300 500 lux (30 50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: general ambient lighting must include an indirect component. A system comprised of downlighting only poorly illuminates room surfaces and puts harsh shadows on occupant’s faces. Using an indirect component as part of the overall system will create a brig hter space with better room surface luminances and render people more comfortably. The lighting in a conference room should adapt to multiple uses of the space. At times, a presentation may require light on a white board or presentation wall. Other pres entations may require a darker space for slide shows but still provide some light on UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 103 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;pendant over the table may be all that is required. Zone the luminaires separately to allow for the creation of multiple scenes depending on the space’s use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Boardrooms / Large Conference Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended decorative, indirect / direct luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamp. 3500K, 80+ CRI. Daylight dimming if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. Recessed downlight / wallwashers. Compact fluorescent lamp. 00K, 80+ CRI. Daylight dimming if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. B ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. /1/ Downlight / wallwashers increases room surface brightness. Decorative pendants uplight ceiling and provide indirect ambient light. Luminaires over the table provide uniform task illuminance. Introduce daylight from north and south facades and control glare. Provide horizontal blinds. Integrate with electric lighting ystem. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 105 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Because building visitors often Direct Glare : Lamps in the luminaires are shielded with louvers, perforations, or lenses to avoid a direct view of the lamps and the resultant glare. Luminance of Room Surfaces : Luminance, or brightness, of the room Modeling of Faces or Objects : Like conference rooms, presentations and Reflected Glare : 300 500 lux (30 50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Similar to conference rooms, the lighting of boardrooms and large conference rooms should adapt to multiple uses of the space. At times, a presentation may require light on a white board or presentation wall. Other presentations may require a darker space for slide shows but still provide some light on the table so occupants can still take notes. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Ceremonial Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended uplight. Compact fluorescent lamp. 3500K, 80+ CRI. Control as a separate, dimmable zone or as part of a scene controller. B Surface or recessed adjustable accent light. Tungsten halogen PAR spot or narrow floodlight. Control as a separate, dimmable zone or as part of a scene controller. C Wall mounted sconce. Compact fluorescent lamp. 3500K, 80+ CRI. Control as a separate, dim mable zone or as part of a scene controller. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Luminance of Room Surfaces : By lighting room surfaces, the ceremonial Modeling of Faces or Objects : Accent lighting on a speaker should come from multiple directions to eliminate harsh shadows and render faces or ects accurately. Uplights provide indirect ambient light and surface brightness. Adjustable accent lights highlight speaker or presentation. Sconces provide visual interest and accent. Introduce daylight from north and south facades and control glare. Provide horizontal blinds. Integrate with electric lighting system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 100 lux (10 fc) average for ambient lighting, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Similar to conference rooms or auditoriums, the lighting of ceremonial areas should adapt to multiple uses of the space. At times, a presentation may require accent light on a speaker. Other presentations may require dimmer lighting for slide shows. Manual or automated blinds for windows provide additional control over the daylight and ambient light levels. If the space is used for receptions or gatherings, a higher light level might be appropriate. Zone the luminaires separately to allow for the creation of multiple “scenes” depending on the space’s use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Lounge Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Recessed direct / indirect linear luminaire. Linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimming and occupancy sensor. B Recessed downlight / wallwasher. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Daylight dimming and occupancy sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN I SSUES: Daylighting Integration and Control The introduction of daylight into lounge areas can help to make it a more relaxing and inviting space. Use daylight controls to \1\ dim or /1/ turn off unnecessary electric lighting. ASHRAE lists mandatory p rovisions for lighting control in this type of space if multi scene control is not used. These provisions include occupancy based control to turn off lights within 30 minutes of all occupants leaving the space. Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Selec t luminaires to enhance the appearance of the room and accent features of the space. Luminaire layout should avoid visual clutter of the space. Luminance of Room Surfaces : The room will feel bright if surfaces are illuminated. A recessed direct / indirect luminaire puts some light on the Recessed direct / indirect luminaires provide ambient light and some ceiling brightness. Wallwashing and acce nt lighting increases room surface brightness and highlights artwork and features. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate with electric light controls to reduce energy use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : The color of accent walls, architectural features, and artwork needs to be rendered accurately. Modeling of Faces or Objects : With casual conversation taking place in lounges, individual’s faces should be illuminated well without harsh shadows. : 100 lux (10 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The introduction of daylight is a priority in lounge areas. Additionally, an ambient / accent approach to the lighting system will provide visual interest in the space and also UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Office Support Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear, indirect / direct luminaire, mounted 0.5 – 0.9m (18” – 36”) below ceiling. (There are some luminaires available for ceiling heights of 8’.) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color tempera ture, 75 CRI + Daylight or manual dimming . Consider the use of occupancy sensors for cubicle groups. Recessed linear wall washer. 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual on / off or local occupancy se nsor. ask lightings. LED or 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8, T5, or T2 lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual on / off or local occupancy sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Visible lamps and bright lenses can cause glare, leading to eyestrain and eye fatigue. Luminances of Room Surfaces : Lighting the walls and the ceiling improves the perception of brightness in the space. It also reduces excessive contrast between surfaces that are in an occupant’s field of view. Direct/indirect luminaires selected and located to prevent direct reflected glare. Task lighting increases the illuminance on a task, allowing the ambient light levels to be lower. Recessed wallwashers increase wall brightness. Introduce and control daylight on north and south facades. Integrate with electric lig ht controls to reduce energy use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Reflected Glare : Bright lamps and lenses can be reflected in polished room surfaces, computer screens, and glossy printed tasks. These reflections reduce the contrast of tasks making reading extremely difficult. Shielding or diffusing lamps and spec ifying matte finishes where appropriate can improve the visual quality of the space and avoid reflected glare. Locate under : Identify task areas and design lighting to minimize shadows and glare (both direct and reflected). : 300 lux (30 fc) average ambient, 500 lux (50 fc) average on task, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Office support areas require the same range of lighting levels as other office task spaces. By breaking the lighting system into ambient and task components, the ambient levels can be low while increasing the illuminance on the task only. This approach reduces energy consumption while giving occupants some flexibility and control over their workspace. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Storage Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended or surface mounted linear luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps (or T5HO lamps for ceilings over 15’) 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Occupancy sensor or timer switch. /1/ CRITICA L DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : In storage rooms, individuals may need to locate and sort items. Lamp sources should have a high color rendering index to accurately portray colors and labels. : Loc ate luminaires to minimize direct glare and light shelves uniformly with minimal shadowing. : 100 lux (10 fc) average Linear industrial strips with a small uplight component illuminate shelves with minimal shadowing. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 113 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;DISCUSSION: In storage rooms, uniform vertical illuminance on shelves helps with the identification of UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Mechanical Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended linear industrial luminaire with 5% 10% uplight component. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps (or T5HO lamps for ceilings over 15’) 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Occupancy sensor or timer switch. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Shadows : Locate and orient luminaires to avoid shadowing of mechanical equipment. Typically, equipment repair requires portable task lighting. Therefore, lighting should provide clear access to systems but not necessarily enough light to make repairs. : 300 lux (30 fc) average DISCUSSION: Adequate light needs to be provided for ease of navigation through mechanical rooms. Although mechanical rooms may not be used frequently or for long periods of time, if the lights are left on, a significant amount of energy can be wasted before the next use of the space. For larger spaces, consider the use of occupancy sensors. In small spaces, a Located to avoid mechanical equipment and minimi ze shadowing. Consider daylight with toplighting strategies or clerestories. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 115 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;control with a timer may be appropriate. Add wire guards to luminaires where they may be struck and damaged. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 OFFICES Restrooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface or wall mounted luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Occupancy sensor. Recessed linear wall slot. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Occupancy sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : The color rendering index of fluorescent lamps should be high to render colors well and avoid a pale or blue look to individual’s faces. Modeling of Faces or Objects : With light coming from multiple directions and angles, faces and objects can be modeled well without harsh shadows. Surface mounted luminaires provide surface brightness on the ceiling. Light at the mirror helps to illuminate faces. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 50 lux (5 fc) average, higher light level at mirrors, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5- 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: While the recommended ambient light level for restrooms is low, lighting the walls and putting some brightness on the ceiling will increase the perceived brightness of the space. Increased light levels are appropriate at the sink or counter near the mirrors. Occupancy sensors should control the lighting in restrooms where luminaires are frequently left on for an extended period of time. Ceiling mounted, ultrasonic sensors recognize occupants even in a space with high partitions. Locate and aim the sensor to switch on when the door opens and then turn off after a pre UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Classrooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP NTROLS A Suspended linear, indirect / direct luminaire, mounted 0.5 0.9m (18” – 36”) below ceiling. (There are some luminaires available for ceiling heights of 8’.) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Daylight dimmin g if available. Manual dimming . Manual on/ occupancy sensor off. B Linear chalkboard light 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Manual dimming and ON / OFF /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Daylight Integration : Studies Direct Glare : Since students are viewing the teacher and observing either whiteboard or overhead projector information, minimize glare from overhead electric lighting. Indirectly lighting the classroom with m inimal direct light is the most effective glare free environment. Introduce daylight (preferably on north and south facades) and control glare. Integrate with electric lighting syste Direct / indirect luminaires selected and located to avoid direct and reflected glare. Uniform ceiling brightness. Chalkboard light adds extra brightness to board when necessary. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Reflected Glare : Reflected glare occurs with overhead lighting reflecting on the student’s desk and reading material. Indirectly lighting the classroom with minimal direct light reduces reflected glare. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) : Avoid uneven lighting such that some desks are significantly brighter than other desks. This occurs with either direct sunlight falling onto desks, or with recessed direct parabolics. Indirectly lighting the classroom with no more than 50% direct light provides the most uniform lighting. Horizontal and vertical illuminance : Horizontal illuminance is important for the student’s desks. Vertical illuminance is important to view instru ctors, students, and the white boards. : 500 lux (50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Multiple studies done show improved test scores (over 20%) with students who are in classrooms with daylight. Orient classrooms so that daylight can enter the classroom, preferably from two directions, without direct glare. The electric lighting should light the ceiling in order to reduce direct and reflected glare Luminaire spacing : When beginning a design, start with 3.0 – 3.7 m (10 – Pendant length : Pendant lengths range from 0.5 – 0.9 m (18 in – 3 ft). High performance luminaires may achieve a minimum of 0.3 m (12 in) pendant lengths. Specialty luminaires for low ceiling applications may be mounted even closer to the ceiling. Lighting Power Density : Per \1\ ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 200 7 /1/, the lighting power density for classrooms shall not exceed 1.2 watts/sq ft using UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Auditoriums \1\ EQUIPMENT RE IREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Concealed linear uplight. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI + Control as a separate zone or as part of an auditorium wide dimming control system. Adjustable spotlight. Tungsten halogen PAR38 spot or narrow floodlight. Control as a separate zone or as part of an auditorium wide dimming control system. C Surface mounted steplight on edge of stair or in seats. LED or fluorescent steplight. Control as a separate zone or as part of an auditorium wide dimming control system. Surface, recessed, or suspended downlight. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Control as a separate zone or as part of an auditorium wide dimming control system. E Wall mounted sconce. Compact fluorescent lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Control as a separate zone or as part of an auditorium wide dimming control system. /1/ Steplights provide minimal low level lighting for egress. Adjustable stage lighting illuminates speakers and presentations. Concealed indirect lighting brightens surfaces and provides for ambient house lighting. Downlights provide additional lighting for cleaning and maintenance. Decorative sconces add visual interest and sparkle. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 121 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: System Control and Flexibility : Auditorium controls should allow for a varie ty of scenes or lighting configurations. The system must provide for simple operation and require little or no training or special knowledge. Color Appearance and Color Contrast : Because speakers and presentations change, lamps should render color well. Additionally, the room surface finishes need to be carefully considered and illuminated with the appropriate lamp. Direct Glare : Since occupants are viewing the lecturer and observing presentation information, minimize glare from overhead electric lighting. Modeling of Faces and Objec ts: The speaker should be lighted with spotlights from both sides rather than straight on. This will prevent harsh shadows while still modeling the speaker’s face. Such lighting increases the recognition of facial expressions and the effectiveness of non verbal communication. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Horizontal illuminance is important for the occupants taking notes. Vertical illuminance is important to view instructors, students, and presentati ons. : 100 lux (10 fc) average for house ambient lighting; 500 lux (50 fc) average for speaker lighting, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The lighting for an auditorium should be made up of multiple components. This design approach allows users flexibility in controlling the lighting. It also saves energy by using only the lighting power that is required for a particular event or program. Additi onally, this “system” approach (as well as the goal of lighting surfaces) encourages integration of light and architectural elements. Ambient Lighting : The ambient lighting may include multiple components to light the walls, ceiling, and other elements in the space. Recessed coves or suspended pendant uplights might light the ceiling surface. Acoustic panels may form coves for indirect lighting. Additional ambient House Lighting : Downlights can provide additional house lighting for maintenance and cleaning or at a time when higher light levels are required. In combination with the ambient lighting, an illuminance range of up to 300 lux (30 fc) could be achieved. Stage Lighting : Stage lighting will highlight a lecturer and presentation. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 122 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Egress Lighting: Lighting along the edge of the aisles or possibly in the chairs can illuminate the aisles to some minimum level during a presentation to allow for safe egress. With t he lighting for the space divided into multiple components (or zones), these zones Pre / Post Lecture : Ambient lighting may be on full; stage lighting could be off or dimmed to a low level; egress lighting would be off. Lecture : Ambient and house lighting may be dimmed to a low level or on enough for note taking; stage lighting would light the speaker; egress lighting would be on. AV / ITV Presentation : Ambient and house lighting would be very low or off and still adequate for note taking; stage lighting would be off to accommodate the AV presentation; egress lighting would be on. Cleaning / Maintenance : Ambient and house lighting would be on full; stage lighting would be on; egress lighting would be off. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 HEALTHCARE FACILITIES Waiting Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear indirect / direct luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Daylight dimming A ALT uspended decorative uplight. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Daylight dimming Recessed downlight / wal washers Compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI + Control accent lighting separately from ambient lig ht. B ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Control accent lighting separately from ambient light. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Daylighting Integration and Control : The introduction of daylight into waiting rooms provides a connection to the outdoors as well as a potential lighting energy savings. By integrating controls with the daylight design, electric lighting equipment can be \1\ dimmed or /1/ turned off when not required. Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Because waiting rooms are often Uplights provide indirect ambient light. Introduce and control daylight. Provide controls to turn off lighting that is not requi red. Recessed wallwashers/downlights increase wall brightness and highlight features UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Luminance of Room Surfaces : Lighting the wall and ceiling surfaces ca achieve increased brightness with less energy. Typically people may be reading or watching TV in such spaces and are not occupied with difficult visual tasks. Therefore, the luminances of the surfaces are far more important than the horizontal illumina nce. : 100 lux (10 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: As in most interior spaces, waiting areas require the lighting of surfaces to increase the perceived brightness. By utilizing an indirect pendant, the lighting system illuminates the ceiling surface and provides indirect ambient light. This comfortable light minimizes shadows and also avoids glare from the light source. The indirect lighting of surfaces also integrates well with daylight. In some designs, luminaires close to windows may be controlled separately and switched off during times of the day when daylight provides adequate brightness in the space. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 HEALTHCARE FACILITIES Pharmacy \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Recessed indirect / direct linear luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Cont rol ambient and task lighting separately. A ALT Recessed parabolic linear luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. B Under shelf task light. LED or 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fl uorescent T8, T5, T2 lamps ; 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : Task and ambient lighting should accurately render colors of medication. Direct Glare : Shield lamps with diffusers, lenses, or louvers to eliminate direct glare. Flicker (and Strobe) : Flicker of fluorescent lamps can become an annoyance to anyone under them for an extended period of time. While Under shelf task lights provide higher light levels on counter. Recessed direct/indirect luminaire minimizes direct glare. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) : Uniformly illuminate the task plane as well as room surfaces, without shadows or confusing patterns of light. Modeling of Faces and Objects : The use of direct/indirect light or light from multiple directions fills in shadows and renders texture and three dimensional objects. Reflected Glare : Select and locate uminaires to avoid veiling reflections on the countertop. Such reflected glare will impair viewing of tasks on the counter. Locate under shelf task lights to direct light away from or to either side of the task. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Adequate illuminance levels need to be provided for both horizontal tasks on the counter as well as vertical tasks on shelves or equipment. : 500 lux (50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: While pharmaceutical tasks require a high light level, a task ambient system reduces the amount of light that needs to be provided by the ambient system. Task lighting then increases the light level where and when it is required. Recessed ambient lighting equipment often fails to provide the surface brightness necessary for a comfortable visual environment. Spending all day in such an environment can lead to eyestrain and fatigue. Surface brightness can be improved by utilizing the benefits of an indirect / direct luminaire or lens to put more light on the ceiling or walls. Additionally, wallwashers, where appropriate, illuminate fixed shelves, or improve the room surface brightness. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 FOOD SERVICE Kitchen \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Recessed linear downlight 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. B Surface mounted task light under counter or under hood. (Often procured as part of the hood.) Linear or compact fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. CRITICAL DESIGN ISS UES: Color Appearance : The color of food should be accurately rendered with high color rendering index fluorescent lamps. Reflected Glare : If lighting is improperly placed directly in front of the cook, reading recipes and preparing food can be a challenge. Minimize reflected glare with proper lighting equipment locations. Shadowing : Minimize contrast with ambient and task lighting to fill in shadows. This is especially important on work surfaces where people will be using knives and other kitchen too ls. Compact fluorescent luminair es located inside hood provide additional lighting over grill. Recessed lensed luminaires provide high illuminance levels on the work plane. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 128 : Overhead ambient lighting and under counter task lighting will minimize confusing shadows. Locate luminaires so that shadows are minimized and the light is where it is needed. : 500 lux (50 fc) average on cooking and food preparation surfaces. A task light is often provided with grill hoods. Verify that it will provide adequate illuminance on the cooking surface. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Because kitchens require high light levels with minimal shadowing, a diffuse direct UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 FOOD SERVICE \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended l inear indirect / direct luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3000K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control with daylight sensors. B Suspended low volt age decorative accent light. Low voltage, directional lamps. Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Consider the use of occupancy sensors. Wall mounted sconce. Compact fluorescent lamp 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and acce nt lighting separately. Consider the use of occupancy sensors. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance Modeling of Faces or Objects : The modeling of food texture and appearance is especially important where it is displayed and served. Low wattage accent lighting helps to highlight points of interest. Indirect / direct luminaires light the ceiling while still providing a small direct component. Wall sconces provide surface brightness and visual interest. Daylight should be introduced into the space, controlled, and integrated with the electric ighting. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 130 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Directional acc ent light, in addition to the ambient light, highlights the food and provides adequate modeling. Point(s) of Interest : Accent lighting should focus attention and provide some level of way finding and direction for occupants. Accenting signs and special sections creates visual interest in the space as well as guidance through a serving line. Direct Glare : When minimizing glare, consider direct views from the : 100 lux (10 fc) average; 500 lux (50 fc) average on food display, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 FOOD SERVICE Enlisted Dining Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Wall mounted indirect luminaire. Linear or compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Integrate control o f luminaires with available daylight. Suspended luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Integrate control of luminaires with available daylight. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance : The appearance of food served in the dining areas Modeling of Faces or Objects The modeling of food texture and appearance is especially important where it is displayed and served. Directional accent light, in addition to the ambient light, highlights the food and provides adequate modeling. Direct Glare : Avoid excessive luminaire brightness in dining rooms where people will be sitting for long periods of time. Accent lighting should use low wattage lamps and be aimed to minimize direct glare. Wall mounted uplights provide indirect lighting and uniform ceiling brightness. Suspended luminaire over tables creates decorative accent lighting. Introduce daylight and control glare. Integrate with electric lighting system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 100 lux (10 fc) average; 500 lux (50 fc) average on food display, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The lighting system in a dining area should provide a soft ambient light and a visually comfortable environment with occasional accent lighting to add interest to the space. It is important to note that accent lighting can only be effective when the ambient light level is low enough for a contrast to be noticeable. People see and respond to changes in brightness. A highlighted area must UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 FOOD SERVICE Officer Dining Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended decorative uplight. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Provide dimming. B Wall mounted sconce. Compact fluorescent lamps 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and accent lighting s eparately. Recessed downlight wallwasher. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Provide dimming. C ALT Recessed linear downlight / wallwashers Linear fluorescent lamp 3500K color temperature, 80+ CRI Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Provide dimming. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : The appearance of food served Suspended decorative luminaires provide indirect ambient lighting. Wall sconces add visual interest. Recessed compact fluorescent downlight / wallwashers add surface brightness and hightlight features. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Appearance of Space and Luminaires : Because officer dining rooms may Modeling of Faces or Objects : The modeling of food texture and appearance is especially important where it is displayed and served. Additionally, lighting should illuminate the diners softly and provide adequate modeling of their faces. Direct Glare : Avoid excessive luminaire brightness in dining rooms where people will be sitting for long periods of time. : 100 lux (10 fc) average; 500 lux (50 fc) average on food display, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The lighting system in officers’ dining areas should provide a soft ambient light and a visually comfortable environment with occasional accent lighting to add visual interest to the space. It is important to note that accent lighting can only be effective when the ambient light level is low enough for a contrast to be noticeable. The human eye sees and responds to changes UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Indoor Swimming Pools \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Wall mounted uplight. Linear T5HO fluorescent Manual on/off or dimming control with daylight. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Select, locate and shield luminaires to avoid direct glare. Reflected Glare : Select luminaires to avoid a direct component that would result in direct glare. This is especially important considering that the For recreational class of play: lux (30 fc) average. For other classes of play, see IESNA RP -6 Refer to UFC 4 for additional requirements. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Ligh ting). DISCUSSION: The lighting design should avoid direct and reflected glare on the water surface. Also consider maintenance and accessibility. Locate luminaires above the deck and at the edge of the pool to allow for access and re lamping. Indirect ambient light minimizes direct and reflected glare on pool surface. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate available daylight with electric lighti ng system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RECREATI ONAL FACILITIES Indoor Tennis Courts \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear indirect/direct luminaire 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Manual on/off or dimming control with daylight. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Locate and shield or lens luminaires to avoid direct glare. With indirect fluorescent luminaires this is not an issue. Flic ker (and Strobe) : Flicker and strobe of fluorescent luminaires is generally not an issue when using electronic ballasts. If it does occur, it can impair the viewing of high speed objects such as a tennis ball. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity : The lighting system needs to uniformly illuminate the court. Any dark spots or patterns of light will create confusing and distracting areas. For recreational class of play: lux (50 fc) average. For other classes of play, see IESNA RP -6 Refer to UFC 4 for additional requirements. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Suspended indirect ambient light minimizes shadowing and prevents direct glare. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate available daylight with electric lighting system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Indoor Basketball Courts \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear luminaire (50% direct / 50% indirect) 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Manual on/off or dimming control with daylight. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct G lare : Locate and shield or lens equipment to avoid direct glare. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) : The lighting system needs to uniformly illuminate the court. Any dark spots or patterns of light will create a confusing and distracting are Reflected Glare : Polished wood floors can reflect the image of the lamp above causing an annoying distraction. Shadows : Minimize shadows to enhance the view of the ball and other players. For recreational class of play: lux (30 fc) average. For other classes of play, see IESNA RP -6 . Refer to UFC 4 for additional requirements. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Suspended direct/ indirect lights minimize shadowing and prevent direct glare. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate available daylight with electric lighting system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Locker Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear indirect / direct luminaire 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control with occupancy sensors. A ALT Sur face mounted linear strip on top of lockers 4’ linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control with occupancy sensors. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) : In order to identify colors of clothes it is very important to provide fluorescent lighting with good color rendering properties. Shadows : By providing an indirect component of the lighting system, it will put some light into the lockers even when someone is standing if front of it. If a downlight only system is used light may be blocked by the user and the locker interior will be dark. : IESNA recommends 100 lux (10 fc) average. Refer to UFC 4 for additional requirements. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). Suspended direct / indirect luminaire . UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 141 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;DISCUSSION: The ambient lighting for a locker room is low with little task lighting required, with the exception of a higher light level at sinks. In addition to the scheme presented here, linear fluorescent strips can also be mounted on top of the banks of lockers, uplighting UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES Vehicle Storage / Repair Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended linear direct / indirect luminaire. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 4100K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Dimming control w ith available daylight. A ALT Surface mounted low bay luminaire Induction lamp Control with occupancy and daylight sensors. B Port able task lighting Compact fluorescent lamps or LED Manual on/off /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Direct glare is not only an annoyance when experienced for a short period of time, but can also cause fatigue when working for an extended period. Because the luminaires are located relatively high above the task plane, direct glare will most likely be avoided. Fluorescent lamps also distribute brightness over a large area, also reducing glare from the luminaire. Flicker (and Strobe) : This strobe effect is critical when working with high speed machinery. If the garage will be used as a shop with any kind of rotating tool, high quality electronic ballasts need to be specified to avoid a flicker effect. Direct / indirect luminaire reduces direct glare. Luminaire spacing provides uniform illuminance on task plane. Introduce and control daylight. Integrate with electric lighting controls to reduce energy use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Light Distribution on Surfaces : With a small indirect component from the luminaires, the ceiling will have some surface brightness that reduces contrast and improves visual comfort in the space. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) : Design luminaire layout to uniformly distribute light over the work plane to avoid dark areas in the space. Shadows : Select and locate luminaires to avoid shadows on the work plane . Task lighting can also increase the illuminance on the task as well as eliminate shadows. : Locate luminaires relative to tasks to avoid direct glare and prevent shadowing. Illuminance on Task Plane : Maintenance on vehicles often requires high lighting levels. This may be accomplished with high vertical south and north oriented clerestories. Electric lighting, such as linear high output fluorescents can provide direct and indirect lighting for the most uniform application wh en daylight levels are insufficient. Portable task lighting can increase illuminance to the required level at the particular task. : 500 lux (50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Although light level is important to achieve in a vehicle repair area, uniformity and the prevention of glare and shadowing also must be achieved to provide a comfortable and functional workspace. Portable task lighting allows for higher light levels at the task location without increasing the overall ambient level throughout the space. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES Aircraft Hangars and Shelters \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended luminaire. Integrate controls with available daylight. A ALT Suspended linear luminaire with small uplight component. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 4100K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control with occupancy and daylight sensors. Port able task lighting Compact fluorescent lamps or LED Manual on/off /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Because the luminaires are located relatively high above the task plane, direct glare will most likely be avoided. Fluorescent lamps distribute brightness over a large area (larger than metal halide lamps), further reducing glare from the luminaire. Flicker (and Strobe) : This strobe effect is critical when working with high speed machinery. If the hangar will be used as a shop with any kind of rotating tool, high quality electronic ballasts need to be specified to avoid a stroboscopic effect. Light Distribution on Surfaces : With a small indirect component from the luminaires, the ceiling above will have some surface brightness, reducing Introduce and control daylight. Integrate with electric lighting system to reduce energy use. Luminaires with a small uplight component help to ceiling and luminaire. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 145 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;contrast between ceiling and luminaire, improving visual comfort in the space. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) : Design luminaire layout to uniformly d istribute light over the work plane to avoid dark areas in the space. Shadows : Select and locate luminaires to avoid shadows on the repair areas of the hangar. Portable task lighting can also increase the illuminance on the task as well eliminate shadows . : 500 lux (50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: By introducing daylight high in the space, much of electric lighting can be turned off uring the day. Although light level is important to achieve in a hangar, uniformity and the prevention of glare and shadowing also must be achieved to provide a comfortable and functional workspace. Portable task lighting allows for higher light levels a t the task location without increasing the overall ambient level. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES Motorpools \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface mounted or suspended industrial luminaire 4’ linear fluorescent T5HO lamps, 4100K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors. A ALT Surface mounted low bay luminaire Induction lamp Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors B Port able task lighting Compact fluorescent lamps or LED Manual on/off /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Horizontal and vertical illuminance : Maintenance on vehicles may require high lighting levels. This may be accomplished with high vertical south and north facing clerestories. Electric lighting, such as linear fluorescent lamps can provide direct and indirect lighting for the most uniform application when daylight levels are insufficient. : When maintaining vehicles, it is very important to have the light coming from an angle that will not cause extraneous shadows. Linear sources such as clerestories and linear fluorescent lamps will minimize confusing shadows. Portable task lighting is encouraged to increase light levels at the location of a particular task. Surface or suspended fluorescent direct / indirect industrial strips. Introduce daylight on north and south facades and control glare. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Color Appearance and Contrast : Maintaining vehicles demands excellent color rendering and contrast recognition such as for metal : 500 lux (50 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Just as important as the light level, the light distribution in motor pools should minimize shadows and illuminate uniformly over the task plane. Portable task lighting allows for higher light levels at the task location without increasing the overall ambient level. A combination of daylight and diffuse fluorescent lighting provides a high level of visibility. If daylight is plentiful, the electric lighting can be turned off or dimmed. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES Warehouses \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS suspended industrial luminaire with 5% - 10% uplight 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 4100K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors. A ALT Surface mounted low bay luminaire Induction lamp Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Toplighting is one strategy to introduce daylight and provide uniform light levels. Electric lighting, such as linear fluorescent lamps can provide direct and indirect lighting when daylight levels are insufficient. : Locate luminaires to minimize direct glare and to light shelves uniformly with minimal shadowing. Color Appearance and Contrast : In warehouses, individ uals may need to locate and sort items. Provide lamp sources with a high color rendering index to accurately portray colors and labels. Surface or suspended direct / indirect industrial luminaires. Introduce daylight and control glare. Integrate ith electric lighting system. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : Varies with use of space: 50 lux (5 fc) average for inactive storage - 300 lux (30 fc) average for active warehousing. Provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The lighting for warehouses depends on the use of the facility. For infrequent use where the warehouse is used mostly for storage, the light level can be very low and preferably activated by a motion sensor. If sorting or inspection will be taking place or if people will be spending an extended period of time in the space, the light level should be higher. It is also important to select a luminaire and develop a layout that provides vertical illuminance on the shelves. This facilitates identification of stored items. If daylight can be introduced into the space, lighting control \1\ dim /1/ the electric light ing system with the available daylight, turning off unnecessary luminaires. Additionally, occupancy sensors not only save energy by turning on the luminaires only when needed, but also provide a convenience for anyone entering and leaving the space with h ands full. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Bedrooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface mounted luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 300 0K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. A ALT Wall mounted sconce Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. Table lamp Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Locate and aim sources to avoid direct glare. This is especially important regarding lighting located above the bed to light artwork. Luminaires in this position may cause direct glare for a person reading bed. Reflected Glare or a person reading in bed, locate task lighting to avoid reflected glare and veiling reflections on reading material. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance (for reading) : Task lighting needs to provide adequate illuminance on reading material. The light level required for reading should not be achieved with the ambient lighting alone. Task lighting (in the form of bedside lamps) allows flexibility and greater control over the lighting energy use. Surface mounted luminaire provides ceiling surface brightness and ambient light. Table lamps provide task lighting. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 50 lux (5 fc) average with higher light levels provided by table lamps for reading tasks. DISCUSSION: Compact fluorescent lighting is now available in residential luminaires such as table lamps, wall sconces, and overhead lighting. Dimming is available with dimmable ballast s. Also, the 3000K lamp color closely resembles that of an incandescent lamp. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Hallways \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Wall mounted sconce Comp act fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off with multi location control. Consider the use of occupancy sensors and dimming. A ALT Recessed or surface mounted accent light Controlled beam, tungsten halogen lamp Manual on/off with multi location control. Consider the use of occupancy sensors and dimming. A ALT Surface mounted luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off with multi location control. Consider the use of occupancy sensors and dim ming. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Always avoid direct glare, even in areas that are occupied briefly. In the case of hallways, low brightness luminaires create a soft ambient lighting environment for wayfinding without the annoyance of dir ect glare. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Adequate light levels need to be Wall mounted sconce provides surface brightness and ambient light. Recessed adjustable accen t light highlights artwork. ALT UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 153 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;uniform surface brightness in the space, these light levels can be low relative to adjacent spaces. Targe t Horizontal Illuminance ( ± 10%) : 30 lux (3 fc) average. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Laundry Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted linear luminaire 4’ line ar fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with occupancy sensors. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance and Contrast : In order to identify clothes colors (such as matching blue or brown socks), it is very important to provide fluorescent lighting with good color rendering properties. In addition, the contrast on the task should be minimal. Locate the lighting so that body shadows do not interfere with seeing the task. : 300 lux (30 fc) av erage. DISCUSSION: Laundry rooms provide a good opportunity for the use of occupancy sensors. In this type of space, people usually leave with their hands full so automatic control of the lights is a convenience as well as an energy savings. Because the room is used infrequently, lights left on will be on for a long time. Surface mounted luminaire adds brightness to the ceiling. Lamps with good color rendering characteristics provide good color appearance and contrast in the space. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Kitchens \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted linear strip 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. A ALT Ceiling mounted luminaire Compact or linear fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and task light ing separately. B Surface mounted 2’, 3’, and 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. Consider dimming control. B ALT Surface mounted linear or surface/recesse d puck. LED, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. Consider dimming control. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance and Contrast : In kitchens, the color appearance of food is very important. Kitchens are also the gathering places for friends and family, so good color appearance and realistic contrast should be achieved. Concealed strips uplight the ceiling. (Ceiling brightness could also be achieved with a surface mounted luminaire.) illuminate countertop. Introduce daylight with the use of windows, skylights, or light tubes. Provide controls to turn off lighting that is not required. ALT UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Direct Glare : During food preparation or conversation, direct glare can become an irritant. Using indirect ambient lighting and under coun ter task lighting can greatly reduce the direct glare. Reflected Glare : If lighting is improperly placed directly in front of the cook, reading recipes and preparing food can be a challenge. Minimize reflected glare with proper lighting equipment locatio ns. : Overhead ambient lighting and under counter task lighting will minimize confusing shadows. Locate luminaires so that shadows are minimized and the light is where it is needed. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : In order to prepare food, read recipes and communicate with friends and family, adequate lighting levels need to be provided. Dimming the lighting can not only save energy, but give flexibility to the occupant. : 300 lux (30 fc) av erage. DISCUSSION: Traditionally, kitchen lighting has been accomplished with a single overhead luminaire located in the center of the kitchen. With this arrangement, preparing food at the counter is a challenge, since the body shadows the work area. Ideally, locate luminaires above UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Dining Room \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Suspended luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Provide dimming. A ALT Ceiling mounted luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Provide dimming. Recessed or monopoi nt mounted adjustable accent light. Tungsten halogen directional lamp Control ambient and accent lighting separately. Consider dimming to extend lamp life. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance and Contrast : In dining rooms, the color appearance o food is very important. Dining rooms are also the gathering places for friends and family, so good color appearance and realistic contrast should be achieved. Direct Glare : Direct glare can become a distraction during dinner and should be avoided by providing appropriate low glare sources for ambient lighting and by aiming accent lighting away from those seated at the table. Suspended decorative luminaire lights ceiling and provides ambient lighting. Adjustable accent light highlights artwork. Introduce daylight with the use of windows or skylights. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Modeling of Faces and Objects : Low glare light from multiple sources provides adequate shadowing, depth perception, and modeling of any object in the room, including people. Horizontal Illuminance : Because dining tables may also be used as a desktop, adequate light levels must be maintained on the work plane. This amount of light should not be the default ambient light level, but should be controlled lighting that is only provided when necessary. : 50 lux (5 fc) average. DISCUSSION: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING iving Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Table lamp Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. A ALT Floor lamp or torchiere Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. A ALT Wall mounted uplight Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Include the use of dimmers. Recessed wall washer or adjustable accent light Compact fluorescent l amps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ or tungsten halogen directional lamp Include the use of dimm ers. Control ambient and accent lighting separately. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Light sources should not cause direct glare for a group of le visiting in a living room, or for a single person reading. Indirect, concealed sources provide for comfortable ambient light while eliminating direct glare. Reflected Glare : For a person reading, locate task lighting to avoid reflected glare on reading material. Recessed accent lights provide wall brightness and highlighting of art or features. Table lamps provide task light. Introduce daylight with the use of windows or skylights. Provide controls to turn off and dim lighting that is not required. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 30 lux (3 fc) average. DISCUSSION: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Rec Rooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Ceiling mounted luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient and task lighting separately. Consider the use of occupancy sensors. B Recessed wall was her or adjustable accent light Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ or tungsten halogen directional lamp Include the use of dimmers. Control ambient and accent lighting separately. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Locate and aim sources to avoid direct glare. This is especially important where luminaires are lighting a game table. Reflected Glare : position luminaires to avoid reflected glare in any specular surface, especially a TV screen. This type of glare can also occur with glossy ready materials such as magazines. Surface mounted luminaire lights activities and provides ceiling brightness. Recessed adjustable accent light highlights artwork. Introduce daylight with the use of windows, skylights, or light tubes. Provide controls to turn off and dim lighting that is not required. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Horizontal Illuminance (for reading) : Task lighting needs to provide adequate illuminance on reading material. The light level required for reading should not be achieved with the ambient lighting alone. Ta lighting (such as table lamps or drafting lamps) allows flexibility and greater control over the lighting and energy use. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Bathrooms \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface mounted luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient lighting separately from task (vanity) lighting A ALT Wall mounted sconce Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient lighting separately from task (vanity) lighting Wall mounted linear vanity light. 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control ambient lighting separately from task (van ity) lighting Surface mounted or recessed shower light. Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control shower luminaire separately. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance and Contrast : For make up application and grooming, he color temperature and rendering characteristics of the lamps should be as high as possible. These will render color accurately and as well as provide adequate color contrast. A ALT Surface mounted luminaire provides ceiling brightness. Light at the mirror helps to illuminate face. Wall sconces also provide surface brightness and ambient light. Surface mounted or recessed shower lights provide lighting for showers where necessary in larger bathrooms. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Luminances of Room Surfaces : Illuminate room surfaces to light people softly and eliminate sharp contrasts. Modeling of Faces or Objects : Light sources placed strategically eliminate harsh shadows on an occupant’s face. For example, downlights in a bathroom will cause these shadows and should be avoided while a ceiling mounted luminaire or wall sconce with low brightness will illuminate faces softly. Direct Glare : Direct glare in a bathroom will become an irritant while trying to shave or apply make up. Avoid this by keeping the room surfaces bright and using low glare luminair es. Reflected Glare : With the use of adjustable mirrors, bathroom spaces should be designed with reflected glare in mind. Low glare luminaires will eliminate this as well as direct glare. : Locate light sources appropriately to avoid shadows on someone’s face. This location should also minimize shadows throughout the space. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Appropriately located task lighting provides higher illuminance levels at the point of the task. For example, at the mirror, a vanity light provides the necessary light levels for make application. : 300 lux (30 fc) average. DISCUSSION: Bathroom lighting is often achieved with incandescent “globe” vanity lights. While inefficien t, these point sources do provide light from multiple directions on peoples’ faces. A more efficient solution uses linear fluorescent vanity luminaires or a built in valence, providing up/down light with a fluorescent lamp. In combination with other lumi naires that light the room surfaces, the same soft lighting can be provided. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Garages \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted linear luminaire 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with occupancy sensors. Surface mounted linear tasklight 4’ linear fluorescent T8 lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Direct glare is not only an annoyance, but can cause fatigue when working for an extended period. In a garage, minimize luminaire brightness with a lens. Flicker (and Strobe) : This strobe effect is critical when working with high speed machinery. If the garage will be used as a shop with any kind of rotating tool, specify quality high frequency electronic ballasts to avoid a flicker effect. : Locate ambient light sources and task lighting to avoid the shadowing of a workbench or tool area. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance : Task lighting needs to adequately light small tasks that might take place at a workbench. Additionally, Additional task lighting workbench. Lensed luminaires provide high ambient light levels while minimizing direct glare. Luminaires are located so that garage door does not block light. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 T : 200 lux (20 fc) average. DISCUSSION: Garages used only for car storage require very little ambient light. However, if the garage will be used as a shop, ambient levels can be increased slightly and task lighting sho uld definitely be added to increase illuminance at the task. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 HOUSING Bachelors Quarters (Barracks) \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAI LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted luminaire Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. A ALT Wall mounted sconce Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. B Table lamp Compact fluorescent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Locate and aim sources to avoid direct glare. This is especially important regarding lighting located above the bed to light artwork. Luminaires in this position may cause direct glare for a person reading bed. Reflected Glare : For a person reading in bed, locate task lighting to avoid reflected glare and veiling reflections on reading material. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance (for reading) : Task lighting needs to provide adequate illuminance on reading material. The light level required for reading should not be achieved with the ambient lighting alone. Task lighting (in the form of bedside lamps) allows flexibility and greater control over the lighting energy use. Use task lighting for desks. Surface mounted luminaire provides ceiling surface brightness and ambient light. Table lamps provide task lighting. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 : 50 lux (5 fc) average with higher light levels provided by table lamps for reading tasks. DISCUSSION: Compact fluorescent lighting is now available in residential luminaires such as table lamps, wall sconces, and overhead lighting. Dimming is available with dimmable ballasts. Also, the 3000K lamp color closely resembles that of an incandescent lamp. Provide task lighting at tables or desks in the room. (See UFC 4 or UFC 4 1.) UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 CHILDCARE FACILITIES Daycare Indoor Play Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended ind irect / direct linear luminaire. Linear fluorescent T8 T5HO lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off and dimming control with daylight . Also consider additional control with occupancy sensors. A ALT Surface mounted luminaire. Compact fluor escent lamps, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off and dimming control with daylight . Also consider additional control with occupancy sensors. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Children and supervisors spend a significant amount of time in these play areas, so avoid direct glare. Reflected Glare : Select and locate luminaires to avoid veiling reflections on books or reading tasks on horizontal surfaces. The reflection of an unshielded lamp on reading material will obscure the task. Introduce and control daylight. Daylighting strategies should also provide views to the outdoors. Suspended indir ect / direct linear luminaire. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Hor izontal and Vertical Illuminance (for reading) : The lighting system must provide adequate light levels for reading and writing. While this light level may be achieved with the ambient lighting, table lamps or task lighting may also increase local reading lighting levels. : 300 lux (30 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Indoor play areas that rely heavily on daylight and provide a connection to the outdoors will create a much more pleasant environment. By providing the electric lighting controls, energy consumption can be reduced when it is not required. Dimming controls are also important to lower light levels during rest time. Suspended uplights provide indirect ambient light and a softly lit environment without shadows or direct glare. It is important to utilize luminaires that also have a small direct component to add some sparkle and visual interest. This type of light also integrate well with daylight, allowing for continuous surface brightness on the ceiling. As an alternate to suspended luminaires, surface mounted luminaires also provide some surface brightness. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 CHILDCARE FACILITIES Daycare Indoor Rest Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Suspended luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamp,3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control separately from other area lighting. Provide with dimming controls. A ALT Surface mounted luminaire. Compact fluorescent lamp, 3000K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control separately from other area lighting. Provide with dimming controls. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : Select luminaires to prevent direct glare. Luminaires may use lenses or louvers to shield any view of the lamp. Decorative, glowing luminaires should use low wattage lamps. Reflected Glare : Select and locate luminaires to prevent veiling reflections on reading material. Suspended luminaire lowers the “perceived ceiling” and helps to create a space within a larger space. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Horiz ontal and Vertical Illuminance (for reading) : While enough light must be provided for reading, the ambient light level can be very low. A softly lit area with a low light level will result in a more restful space. 200 lux (10 20 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: Indoor rest areas require a soft ambient light that prevents direct or reflected glare. A decorative, suspended luminaire visually separates this area from a larger space. Dimmable lighting will provide a wide range of lighting levels for various activities. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 PARKING FACILITIES Parking Structures \1\ EQUIPMENT RE QUIREMENT LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface mounted linear wall washers 4’ linear fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors. Suspen ded /Surface mounted parking garage luminaire Induction lamp Dim lights with occupancy and daylight sensors. B ALT Suspended /Surface mounted parking garage luminaire Manual on/off. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare : While driving a vehicle in a parking structure, the glare from the luminaires cannot interfere with the motorist’s visibility. All lighting must limit the direct glare into the driver’s eyes. Modeling of Faces and Objects : Lighting needs to highlight pedestrians. This can be accomplished with low glare luminaires that are located in front of common pedestrian conflict zones such as crosswalks and circulation corridors. : Use white light sources to enhance peripheral Low brightness, shielded luminaires prevent direct glare. Wallwashing improves surface brightness and contrast. Introduce and control daylight and adjacent bays. A UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Reflected Glare : Locate luminaires over the vehicle parking areas to minimize the potential of reflected glare in the driveways. Shadows : Shadows need to be helpful, not confusing. This is especially important on stairs, where the shadows clearly indicate where the stair tread s are located. : Motorists must be able to clearly see pedestrians and to navigate through the parking structure. The lighting should not present glare to inhibit these important tasks. Vertical Illuminance : Lighting the interior vertical walls of the parking structure gives guidance to circulation areas and the surrounds of the structure. Also, pedestrians and other vehicles have vertical surfaces that must be detected. : Varies depending on use and security requirements; 50 lux (5 fc) average, provide for emergency egress requirements (see Section 5 6 Emergency and Exit Lighting). DISCUSSION: The most important areas to light in a parking structure are the interior walls, providing indire ct light for guidance and for lighting the fronts of parked vehicles. Secondly, overhead lighting should be located over the parked vehicles. If the lighting is over the drive lanes, the luminaire brightness could inhibit the driver’s ability to navigate UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 175 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;CHAPTER 8: EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS 8- I NTRODUCTION This chapter identifies typical exterior facility applications and explains the critical design issues for each as outlined in the Quality of the Visual Environment section of the IESNA Handbook, 9 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 176 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;minimum, and average illuminance values are often listed as targe t criteria. Uniformity criteria may be described with multiple terms including maximum to minimum and Maximum / Minimum Ratio Expressways and Major Roadways llector Roadways Local Roadways Parking Facilities (primarily day use) 20 : 1 Parking Facilities (night use) Pedestrian Walkways and Bikeways 8- 2.2 Point Calculations for Flood and Spot Lighting. Point calculations are a calculation procedure that can be performed by hand or in UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 PARKING FACILITIES Parking Lots \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounte d luminaire. LED , induction, halide , Control with photocell, timeclock, or motion sensor (only with induction lamp). /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Because the surroundings may be very dark at night, direct glare from luminaires and excessive contrast of surfaces must be considered. Luminaires should use shielded lamps and as low a wattage as possible. Light Pollution / Trespass: The use of fully shielded or IESNA full cutoff luminaires eliminates direct light above the horizontal plane. Using cut off optics and low wattage lamps can minimize light pollution. Shielded luminaires minimize the chance of light trespass on a neighboring property or building. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing light from multiple directions, objects and people are accurately rendered and modeled. Spacing of luminaires provides uniform horizontal illumina nce in parking areas. Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires control glare and reduce light pollution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 179 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;“fuzzy” high pressure sodium light sources. Also, colors are rendered more accurately under white light. Reflected Glare: Summary of Total Cost for Analysis Period Light Type Luminair Quantity Equipmen Energy Replacement Total Cost for Analysis Period Difference 20 Year Analysis Perio Averag Annua Difference High Pressure Sodium UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 BUILDING LIGHTING Entrances \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Recessed downlight. Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with photocell or timeclock. B Wall mounted linear wall washer. Linear fluorescent lamps, 3500K color temperature, 75 CRI+ Control with photocell, timeclock, or occupancy sensor. C Wall mounted Luminaire . Compact fluorescent lamp, color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with photocell or timeclock. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Luminaires should be carefully Recessed downlight provides illuminance for egress. Brightness at entry aids in wayfinding and identifies entry. Wall mounted sign lighter illuminates sign from above, reducing light pollution. Surface brightness at entry aids in wayfinding and identifies entry. Wall mounted fixture provides surface brightness. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 181 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Light Pollution / Trespass: The use of fully shielded or full cutoff luminaires eliminates direct light above the horizontal plane. While all lighting contributes to light pollution, direct light has the largest contribution. Using cut off optics and low wattage lamps can minimize light pollution. Shielded luminaires minimize the chance of light trespass on a neighboring property or building. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing vertical illuminance from multiple directions, pedestrians’ faces will be visible and accurately rendered. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 BUILDING LIGHTING Housing Areas \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Wall mounted, semi cutoff, cutoff, or full cut off. Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Manual on/off or motion sensor. B Wall mounted, fully shielded, cutoff, or full cut off ar ea light. Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with timeclock or photocell. C Pole mounted, cutoff, full cut off, or shielded pedestrian luminaire. LED , induction, 80 CRI+ Control with timeclock or photocell. C ALT Bollard, (Typically, these luminaires provide poor facial lighting. Best used as indicators rather than for area or pedestrian lighting.) Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color tempera ture, 80 CRI+ Control with timeclock or photocell. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Because the surroundings may be very dark at night, direct glare from luminaires and excessive contrast of surfaces must be considered. Luminaires should use shielded, low wattage lamps. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Wall mounted luminaires should light the wall or nearby walkways rather than trying to flood light an area. Pole mounted pedestrian poles light walkways. The use of cut off wall mounted fixtures, area lights, and downlighting on the façade (rather than uplighting minimizes light pollution. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 183 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Light Pollution / Trespass: Fully shielded or IESNA full cut off luminaires prevent light from leaving the luminaire above the horizontal plane. This light contributes to light pollution and should be eliminated wherever possible. Shielded luminaires and low wattage lamps minimize the chance of light trespass. Houseside shields also limit spill light onto an adjacent building or property. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing vertical illuminance from multiple directions, pedestrians’ faces will be visible and accurately rendered. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 PEDESTRIAN AREAS Walkways \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMI NAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Pole mounted, cutoff, full cutoff or shielded, pedestrian scale luminaire. induction lamp. Photocell or timeclock control. A ALT Bollard, (Typically, these lum inaires provide poor facial lighting. Best used as indicators rather than for area or pedestrian lighting.) Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with timeclock or photocell. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Decorative pedestrian poles Low brightness luminaires reduce direct glare and provide adequate vertical illuminance while minimizing light pollution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 185 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Direct Glare: Because the surroundings may be very dark at nigh t, direct glare from luminaires and excessive contrast of surfaces must be considered. Luminaires should use low wattage lamps. Light Pollution / Trespass: The use of fully shielded or full cutoff luminaires eliminates direct light above the horizontal plane. While all lighting contributes to light pollution, direct light has the largest contribution. Using cut off optics and low wattage lamps can minimize light pollution. Shielded luminaires minimize the chance of light trespass on a neighboring property or building. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing vertical illuminance from multiple directions, pedestrians’ faces will be visible and accurately rendered. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 186 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Locate poles at intersections and nodes. Consider the visual layout of equipment rather than a strict adherence to spacing criteria. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 PEDESTRIAN AREAS Plazas \1\ EQUIPMEN REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Pole mounted, cutoff, full cutoff or shielded, pedestrian scale luminaire. inductio Photocell/ timclock control. A ALT Bollard, (Typical ly, these luminaires provide poor facial lighting. Best used as indicators rather than for area or pedestrian lighting.) Compact fluorescent lamp, 3500K color temperature, 80 CRI+ Control with timeclock or photocell. B Building mounted fully shielded down light / wallwasher. Compact fluorescent or LED Photocell/ timclock control. Accent light. Compact fluorescent. Photocell/ timclock control. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance and Color Contrast: White light sources, such as Low brightness pedestrian poles reduce direct glare and provide adequate vertical illuminance. Building lighting illu minates and helps to define the exterior “space”. This provides a sense of security. B A Feature accent li ghting highlights focal points of the plaza. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 188 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;minimize light pollution. Shielded luminaires minimize the chance of light trespass on a neighboring property or building. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing vertical illuminance from multiple directions, pedestrians’ faces will be visible and accurately rendered. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 VEHICLE TRAFFIC AREAS \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, fully shielded or full cut off roadway luminaire. LED , induction , halide. Photocell on/off /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Luminaires and poles should be painted a neutral color so that they are as inconspicuous as possible. Direct Glare: Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. Because the eye adjusts to the brightest source in the field of view, eliminating glare is the highest prior ty in designing for nighttime driving. Light Distribution on Surfaces: More important than light level, uniform light distribution provides high visibility and a comfortable nighttime driving environment. Light Pollution / Trespass: Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires prevent any direct light from leaving the luminaire above horizontal. This direct li ght is the largest contributor to light pollution and light trespass. Spacing luminaires 4 times the mounting height provides uniform horizontal illuminance. Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires control glare and reduce light pollution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 VEHICLE TRAFFIC AREAS Driveways \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted fully shielded or full cut off roadway luminaire. LED, induction , or m halide Con trol with timer or photocell. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. Because the eye adjusts to the brightest source in the field of view, eliminating glare is the highest priorty in designing for nighttime driving. Light Pollution / Trespass: Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires prevent any direct light from leaving the luminaire above horizontal. This direct light is the largest contributor to light pollution and light trespass. Modeling of Faces or Objects: Luminaires need to provide adequate vertical illuminance to light people and their faces. By locating the pole ahead of the cross walk, it provides vertical light on pedestrians crossing the str Luminaire serves to identify driveway location and pedestrians crossing the driveway. Fully shi elded or Full cut off luminaires control glare and reduce light pollution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 193 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Shadows: Locate and select luminaires to provide a uniform illuminance on the ground and eliminate dark spots and shadows. Such dark spots can be distracting to drivers and also may conceal hazards. Vertical Illuminance: Pole location, height, and luminaire selection all contribute to adequate vertical illuminance. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 MARINAS \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted. LED, induction , or oated sea tu rtle nesting areas. Control with photocell, timeclock, or motion sensor. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Fully shielded or full cut off, flat lens luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. Because the eye adjusts to the brightest source in the field of view, eliminating glare is the highest priority in designing for nighttime, exterior tasks. Light Pollution / Trespass: The use of fully shielded or full cutoff luminaires eliminates direct light above the horizontal plane. Using full cut off optics and low wattage lamps can minimize light pollution. Shielded luminaires minimize the chance of light trespass on a neighboring property or building. Modeling of Faces or Objects: By providing light from multipl directions, objects and people are accurately rendered and modeled. Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires control glare and reduce light poll ution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 195 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Reflected Glare: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EXTERIOR RECREATIONAL AREAS Baseball & Softball Fields \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted modular rack of adjustable floodlights. Distribution types 2, 3, and 4 with internal and external shielding. Manual on/off B Pole mounted modular rack of adjustable floodlights. Distribution types 2, 3, 4, and 5 with internal and external shielding. Pole mounted modular rack of adjustable floodlights. Distribution types 4, 5, and 6 with internal and external. Manual on/off CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: In a game where the ball is traveling at high speeds and all possible angles, glare needs to be minimized to provide adequate visibility. IESNA RP -6- 01 Sports and Recreational Area Lighting outlines critical glare zones where poles should not be located. This way, when a player follows the ball, they will not look directly into a floodlight. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity): Floodlight locations and distribution provide uniform illuminance on the field. The uniformity and elimination of dark spots improves visibility and minimizes distractions. Luminaire locations provide vertical illuminance on the field while minimizing glare from critical viewing angles. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EXTERIOR RECREATIONAL AREAS Tennis Courts \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, fully shielded or full cut off area luminaire. LED, induction fluorescent Timer switch, motion sensor, or manual on/off with a timeclock. /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Luminaires should be located parallel to the direction of play to minimize the chance of looking up into the luminaires. Flat lensed and fully shielded or full cut off luminaires also reduce luminaire brightness and direct glare. Flicker (and Strobe): Specify electronic ballasts to prevent flicker and stroboscopic effects. Light Distribution on Task Plane: Luminaires should be spaced appropriately to provide a uniform distribution of light on the court. Modeling of Faces or Objects: Light should come from multiple directions to accurately render the ball and other players. Vertical Illuminance: Adequate vertical illuminance is necessary to see the ball at all angles. Pole mounted area lights provide minimum glare and uniform illuminance on the court. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 199 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;DISCUSSION: Tennis courts should be illuminated from the sides of the court. This will minimize the chance of players looking directly into a luminaire during play. Uniform horizontal and vertical illuminance is important to accurately model a ball at high speed. Lighting templates with pole and luminaire data are readily available from sportslighting manufacturers. The lighting system should be controlled by a time clock or from an office location if the facility is part of a fitness center. Approximately one half of the luminaires should remain UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EXTERI OR RECREATIONAL AREAS Basketball Courts \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, fully shielded or full cut off area luminaire. LED, induction , or c ated Control with photocell, timeclock, or motion sensor (induction lamp and LED only). /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Pole mounted luminaires located around a court must be Pole mounted luminaires are spaced to provide uniform illuminance and minimize direct glare. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EXTERIOR RECREATIONAL AREAS Football Fields \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: /1/ LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted modular rack of adjustable floodlights with internal and external shielding. Manual on/off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: By locating the light poles along the sides of the field and parallel to the general direction of play, the field is illuminated from multiple angles while minimizing the chance of looking directly into a luminaire. Such direct glare needs to be minimized to enhance visibility. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity): Luminaire locations and distribution provide uniform illuminance on the field. The uniformity and elimination of dark spots improves visibility and minimizes distractions. Luminaire spacing provides uniform illuminance on the field. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EXTERIOR RECREATIONAL AREAS Playgrounds \1\ EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, shielded or cutoff pedestrian scale luminaire. LED, induction compact fluorescent or c Control with photocell, timeclock, or motion sensor (induction and compact fluorescent lamps only). /1/ CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity): Pedestrian poles should be selected and located to uniformly illuminate the area. Shadows: Luminaires should be located and spaced to eliminate shadows that could hide potential hazards. Light from multiple angles will provide adequate visibility on the playground equipment. Pedestrian poles around the playground uniformly illuminate the area. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 \1\ SECURITY LIGHTING Entry Control Facility Access Control Points – Approach Zone EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, fully shield or full cutoff roadway luminaire. LED , induction , or m halide Photocell on/off. Use bi level or zone switching (alternate poles) so that lighting energy consumption can be reduced during closure. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance: Lighting should accurately render approaching vehicles for the security personnel on duty. At times, they may need to report vehicle color and type. Direct Glare: Full cut off lumin aires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire to the driver. Because the eye adjusts to the brightest source in the field of view, eliminating glare is the highest priority in designing for nighttime driving. Signs should also instruct motorists to turn off headlights when approaching the access control zone. This will eliminate glare for the security personnel. Additional signs in the response zone should remind drivers to turn their headlights back on. Full cutoff luminaire reduces glare for approaching drivers and for security personnel. Increase light level at approach zone to provide transition to the higher level at the access control point. Post signs that instruct motorists to turn off headlights when roaching the access control zone. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 205 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Light Distribution on Surfaces: More important than light level, uniform light distribution provides high visibility and a comfortable nighttime driving environment. Light Pollution / Trespass: Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires prevent any direct light from leaving the luminaire above horizontal. This direct light is the largest contributor to light pollution and light trespass. Make sure that all lighting is oriented to a horizontal plane to minimize both light pollution and trespass. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 206 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;transition from dark to light. See Response Zone and UFC 4 01 Exterior lighting for additional information on transition lighting. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 CURITY LIGHTING Entry Control Facility Access Control Points – Access one EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Recessed or surface mounted downligh ts in canopy. LED , induction , compact or linear fluorescent , or m Photocell on/off with manual override. Use bi level switching: low level when ECP is closed and high level when open. A ALT Indirect uplights and downlights for open canopy. Meta l halide, LED, compact or linear fluorescent. Photocell on/off with manual override. Use bi level switching: low level when ECP is closed and high level when open. Surface mounted low brightness luminaire. Compact fluorescent , LED, or induction. On / of f switch located in the guardhouse. Use bi level switching: low level when ECP is closed and high level when open. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance: Lighting must accurately render vehicles and people for both identification and reporting purposes. Sources with high color rendering properties should be used throughout the approach, control, and response zones. Direct Glare: Recessed downlights in the canopy will minimize direct glare under normal viewing conditions. The brightness of wall mounted luminaires must be low or shielded to avoid direct glare from these Recessed or surface mounted downlights eliminate glare for approaching drivers. Do not backlight illuminated signage. This will reduce contrast of sign. B Low brightness luminaire behind and to side of inspection personnel to light the approaching vehicle and driver. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 208 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;sources. Additionally, signs should instruct approaching motorists to turn off headlights. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Adequate vertical illuminance on any adjacent surfaces will increase the brightness in the guard’s field of view. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Entry Control Facility Access Control Points – Access one EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Surface mounted low brightness luminaire. Compact fluorescent or induction. On / off switch located in the guardhouse. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance: Ligh ting should accurately render approaching vehicles for the security personnel on duty. At times, they may need to report vehicle color and type. Direct Glare: Signs for approaching vehicles should direct motorists to turn off their headlights. This will eliminate direct glare from vehicles. Wall mounted luminaires must be low brightness (less than 3500 initial lamp lumens) or shielded to eliminate glare from these sources. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Adequate vertical illuminance must be maintained to illuminate both the exterior and the interior of the vehicle. Identification of Faces or Objects: The same vertical illuminance from multiple sources will light and accurately render faces and objects in the vehicle. Locate low brightness luminaire behind and to side of inspection personnel to light the approaching vehicle and driver. This will also eliminate glare for the guard. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 211 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;access control point where pedestrians and security personnel are present. Reflected Glare: UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Entry Control Facility Access Control Points – Pedestrian Entry EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Surface mounted low brightness luminaire. Compact fluorescent or LED . Photocell on/off with manual override. Use bi level switching: low level when ECP is closed and high level when open. Recessed downlight Compact fluoresce or LED . Photocell on/off with manual override. Use bi level switching: low level when ECP is closed and high level when open. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance: Lamps with a color rendering index value of 80+ will provide accurate color appearance. This is essential for accurate identification, reporting, and CCTV recording of individuals at the entry. Direct Glare: The luminaire must provide adequate light to illuminate the person at the entry, but not so much that it becomes a source of glare Not only will glare be an annoyance but it will also decrease visibility of the card reader. Wall mounted luminaires must be low brightness (less than 3500 initial lamp lumens) or shielded to eliminate glare from these sources. Light Distribution on Surf aces: Adequate vertical illuminance on any adjacent surfaces will increase the brightness in the guard’s field of view. Low brightness luminaire on wall provides vertical illuminance on approaching personnel, visitors, and the card reader. Recessed downlight illumin ates inside of turnstile. B UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Entry Control Facility Access Control Points – Response Zone EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, full cutoff roadway luminaire with shielding toward the overwatch position if necessary. LED, induction halide Photocell on/off. Surface mounted task light. LED, compact or linear fluorescent. Manual on/off dimming switch on the luminaire. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color Appearance: Good color rending is essential for guards to identify and report people or objects. Direct Glare: The roadway luminaires through the access response zone must be located either below eye level of the overwatch position or high enough above it to avoid direct glare. The guard’s field of view must not contain the lamp brightness. If necessary, add additional shielding on the luminaire toward the overwatch position to eliminate direct glare. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Adequate vertical illuminance on any adjacent surfaces will increase the brightness in the guard’s fie ld of view. Locate roadway luminaires to prevent glare to occupant of overwatch position. B If interior lighting is cessary, it should be kept dim and at a low mounting height. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 216 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;them visible. If there is any overhead lighting in the space, it must be controlled separately from task lighting located at desk height. immable task lighting will enable the guard to write notes on a low desk not be illuminated. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Under Vehicle In spection EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Ground mounted uplight. LED or fiberoptic Control with on/off dimming switch in guard house. A ALT Airfield omni direc tional, semi flush taxiway luminaire LED. Control with on/off dimming switch in guard house. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Color and Contrast: Lighting should accurately render the underside of a LED or fiberoptic luminaire uplights the underside of incoming vehicles. Mirror may be used for under vehicle inspections. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Controlled Perimeters A Pole mounted, full cutoff luminaires provide uniform illuminance and limit glare and light trespass. Increasing the brightness on the outside of the fence permits vision through for someone on the inside, but limits it for thos e on the outside. Inside Facility A Outside Facility 5’ min 5’ min UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 EQUIPMENT RE UIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Pole mounted, full cutoff area luminaire located opposite the fencing or incorporated into the fence with break away connections. (This connection in a pole will not support the weight of a person and will cause the p ole to collapse if climbed.) Pole mounted, floodlight aimed away , LED, or induction lamp. Control with photocell on, time switch off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire to the guard or patrol. Because the eye adjusts to the brightest source in the field of view, eliminating glare is the highest priority when designing for nighttime visibility. Light Distribution on Surfaces: More important than light level, uniform light distribution avoids adaptation problems when the eye must adjust Outside Facility In high threat areas or expeditionary locations, glare projection strategies may be used. In these situations, aim illuminate approaching intruders and limit visibility i nto the protected area. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Restricted Area EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted, full cutoff area luminaire. LED , induction, halide. Control with photocell on, time switch off. Consider motion sensors in some applications (possible for induction and LED only.) Use bi level switching: low level for security and high level for operational requirements. Wall mounted, full cutoff area luminaire. LED , induction halide, or compact fluorescent. Control with photocell on, time switch off. Consider motion sensors in some applications (possible for induction , LED, and CFL only.) Use bi level switching: low level for security and high level for operational requirements. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. Eliminating the glare prevents Use wall mounted luminaires when possible to minimize equipment cost. B Pole mounted luminaires provide uniform illuminance and minimize shadows. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Magazines EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Canopy mounted, full cutoff area luminaire. LED , induction, m Control with photocell on, time switch off. Consider motion sensors in some applications (possible for induction and LED on ly.) Use bi level switching: low level for security and high level for operational requirements. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. Eliminating the glare prevents Full cutoff area luminaire mounted under canopy lights the door area while minimizing glare. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Piers EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONT ROLS A High mast fully shielded or full cutoff luminaire. Control with photocell on, timeclock off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off luminaires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire. When in the immediate area of the high mast, the luminaire mounting height is sufficiently high that it is not in the field of view. However, high masts can be seen from a long distance and should be full cutoff \1\ or fully shielded /1/ to eliminate glare fo r all potential viewers. Light Distribution on Surfaces: More important than light level, uniform light distribution on the pier provides high visibility and comfort. Light Pollution / Trespass: Fully shielded or full cut off luminaires prevent any direct light from leaving the luminaire above horizontal. This direct light is the largest contributor to light pollution and light trespass. High mast luminaires provide uniform illuminance and minimize the number of poles necessary. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Airfields (Hangar) EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS A Wall mounted, full cutoff area luminaire. LED, induction , m halide On / off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Full cut off lumi naires conceal the light source and minimize the direct glare from the luminaire to approaching pilots or maintenance staff. Light Distribution on Surfaces: More important than light level, uniform light distribution provides high visibility and a comfortable nighttime driving environment. Additionally, wall mounted lighting can uniformly light the exterior wall of the hangar. With this lighted background, people and Wall mounted, full cutoff area luminaires illuminate both the hanger walls and the adjacent area. The full cutoff cha racteristic eliminates glare for approaching aircraft. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 230 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Shadows: Luminaires should be located to eliminate shadows that could hide potential hazards or aggressors. Backup Powe r: Coordinate lighting system with emergency, backup power availability. Consider interim lighting for sources with a restrike time UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 SECURITY LIGHTING Airfields (Apron) EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT S: LUMINAIRE LAMP CONTROLS Pole mounted adjustable apron luminaire with internal and external louvers. , LED, or induction. Photocell on/off with manual override. Wall mounted, full cutoff area light. , LED, or induction. Photocell on/off. CRITICAL DESIGN ISSUES: Direct Glare: Standard apron lighting luminaires are typically aimed no more than 60 degrees above nadir toward the approaching planes. This has the potential to cause direct glare for the pilots. To m inimize this glare, specify luminaires with internal louvers. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Lighting the vertical surfaces of the adjacent terminal or other buildings will increase the overall brightness of Provide internal louvers on standard adjustable apron luminaire to minimize glare for approaching pilots. Wall mounted full cutoff area light located at doorways indicates entry and increases surf ace brightness. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 232 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;• Backup Power: Coordinate lighting system with emergency, backup powe r availability. Consider interim lighting for sources with a restrike time UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 233 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;APPENDIX A: REFERENCES American National Standards Institute http://www.ansi.org ANSI A17.1, rs and Escalators ANSI A17.2, Guide for Inspection of Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks ANSI/IEEE National Electrical Safety Code Hea ting, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 7 /1/ Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings Defense Logistics Agency General and Industrial Lighting DLA BULB http://dscp103.dscp.dla.mil/gi/general/light1.htm Department of Defense Unified Facilities Criteria http://www.wbdg.org/ccb /browse_cat.php?o=29& c=4 \1\ UFC 3 01 Energy Conservation /1/ \1\ UFC 3 Design: Interior and Exterior Lighting and Controls /1/ \1\ UFC 4 01 Sustainable Development /1/ UFC 4 Navy and Marine Corps Bachelor Housing UFC 4 11.1, Design: Unaccom panied Enlisted Personnel Housing (UEPH) Complexes (Inactive) UFC 4 Dining Facilities UFC 4 Fitness Centers Energy Policy Act of http://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/epact2005.pdf UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Erne st Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory www.lbl.gov Tips for Daylighting with Windows, The Integrated Approach . Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) www.eere.energy.gov/fe Lighting Resources Economics for Energy Effective Lighting for Offices The Heschong Mahone Group www.h -m- g.com Daylighting in Schools Illuminati ng Engineering http://www.ies.org/ Lighting Handbook Reference and Application, Ninth Edition Recommended Practice for Sports and Recreational Area Lighting, 2001; Errata Roadway Lighting, 2000; Errata 2004 , Calculation of Daylight Availability, 1984 Light Right Consortium www.lightright.org Smart Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute http://smartlighting.rpi.ed Evaluation of Visual Function Under Different Light Sources , December 11, 1995 UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) NECA/IESNA 500, 1998, Recommended Practice for Installation of Commercial Lighting Systems (ANSI) NECA/IESNA 502, 1999, Recommended Pract ice for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems (ANSI) National Fire Protection Association http://www.nfpa.org/ NFPA 70, National Electrical Code NFPA 101, Naval Facilities Engineering Command 1013/1A, Design Guidelines for Physical Security of Buildings http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/browse_cat.php?o=30& c=80 NAVFAC INSTRUCTION 9830.1, Sustainable Development Polic y www.wbdg.org/pdfs/ navfacinst _9830_1.pdf New Buildings Institute, Inc. www.newbuildings.org Advanced Lighting Guide lines , 2001 Edition US Army Corps of Engineers Publications Sustainable Project Rating Tool (SPiRiT) http://www.erdc.u sace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/!www b=50032&tmp_Main_Topic=&page=All EE (1110), Sustainable Design and Development US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Best Practices Manual, Day lighting and Windows Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Tools Directory http://www.eere.energy.gov/building/tools_directo ry/ US Green Building Council www.usgbc.org LEED Reference Guide (see website for most current version) UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Whole Building Design Guide http://www.wbdg.org/ UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 237 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;APPENDIX B: PHYSIOLOGICAL ISSUES B-1 Light quality and quantity can have profound physical and psychological effects. In addition to the eye fatigue that can be caused by direct and reflected glare, UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 238 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMS Abbreviations and Acronyms: – American National Standards Institute ASHRAE – All definitions t aken from “Glossary of Lighting Terminology”, The IESNA Lighting Handbook , Chapter UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 239 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;UL – Underwriters Laboratories – Volt - Watts Terms: Adaptation – conditions (voltage, current, and waveform) for starting and operating. Ballast Factor – the fractional flux of a fluorescent lamp operated on a ballast compared to the flux when operated on the standard (reference) ballast specified for rating lamp lumens. Bollard – luminaires having the appearance of a short, thick post, used for walkway and grounds lighting. The optical components are usually top mounted. Bowl – top diffusing glass or plastic enclosure used to shield a light source from direct view and to redirect or scatter the light. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Candlepower (cp) I = d - luminous intensity expressed in candelas. Clerestory – that part of a building that rises clear of the roofs or other parts and who se walls contain windows for lighting the interior. Coefficient of Utilization (CU) – the ratio of luminous flux (lumens) calculated as received on the work plane to the total luminous flux (lumens) emitted by the lamps alone. It is equal to the product of room utilization factor and luminaire efficiency. Color Matching – the action of making a color appear the same as a given color. Color Rendering – a general expression for the effect of a light source on the color appearance of objects in conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference light source. Color Rendering Index (of a light source) (CRI) – a measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as compared with those same ects when illuminated by a reference source of comparable color temperature. Color Temperature (of a light source) – the absolute temperature of a blackbody radiator having a chromaticity equal to that of the light source. Refer to Correlated Color Temperature. Contrast – see luminance contrast. Correlated Color Temperature (of a light source) (CCT) – the absolute temperature of a blackbody whose chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source. Daylight Availability – the luminous flux from the sun plus sky at a specific location, time, date, and sky condition. Diffused Lighting – lighting provided on the work plane or on an object that is not incident predominantly from any particular direction. Dimmer – a device used to control the intensity of light emitted by a luminaire by controlling the voltage or current available to it. Direct Component – that portion of the light from a luminaire that arrives at the work plane without being reflected by room surfaces. Direct Glare – glare resulting from high luminances or insufficiently shielded light sources in the field of view. It is usually associated with bright areas, such as luminaires, ceilings, and windows that are outside the visual task or region being viewed. A direct glare source can also affect performance by distracting attention. Direct Indirect Lighting – a variant of general diffuse lighting in which the luminaires emit little or no light at angles near the horizontal. Direct Lighting – lighting involves luminaires that distribute 90 to 100% of the emitted light in the general direction of the surface to be illuminated. The term usually refers to light emitted in a downward direction. Directional Lighting – lighting provided on the workplane or on an object. Light that is predominantly from a preferred direction. UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 241 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Disability Glare – the effect of stray light in the eye whereby visibility and visual performance are reduced. A direct glare source that produces discomfort can also produce disability glare by introducing a measurable amount of stray light in the eye. Discomfort Glare – glare that produces discomfort. It does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibility. Downlight – a small direct lighting unit that directs the light downward and can be recessed, surfa ce- mounted, or suspended. Efficacy – See luminous efficacy of a source of light. Efficiency – See luminaire efficiency . Electroluminescence – the emission of light from a phosphor excited by an UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 242 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;discomfort, or loss in visual performance, and visibility. Globe – a tran sparent or diffusing enclosure intended to protect a lamp, to diffuse and redirect its light, or to change the color of the light. High Intensity discharge (HID) Lamp – an electric discharge lamp in which the light producing arc is stabilized by bulb wall temperature, and the arc tube has a bulb wall loading in excess of 3 W/cm . HID lamps include groups of lamps known as mercury, UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 243 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) Factor – the fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating conditions that progressively occurs during lamp operation. – a glass or plastic element used in luminaires to change the direction and control the distribution of light rays. Light – UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 244 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;Luminance ratio – UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 245 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;over the life of the lamp. Quality of Lighting – pertains to the distribution of luminance in a visual environment. The term is used in a positive sense and implies that all luminances contribute favorably UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 246 &#x/MCI; 0 ;&#x/MCI; 0 ;ceiling. Tungsten Halogen Lamp – filled tungsten filament incandescent lamp containing a certain proportion of halogens in an inert gas whose pressure exceeds 3 atm. Valance – a longitudinal shielding member mounted across the top of a window or along a wall (and is usually parallel to the wall) to conceal light sources, giving both upward and downward distributions. Valance Lighting – lighting comprising light sources shielded by a panel parallel to the wall at the top of a window. Veiling Reflection – regular reflections that are superimposed upon diffuse reflections UFC 3 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 Annual Operating Hours = (12 hours per day average) Analysis Period = 10years Electric Energy = $0.06 per kWh HPS Luminare Cost = $1,500.00 HPS lamp cost = $20.00 HPS ballast cost = $50.00 MH Luminaire Cost = $1,500.00 MH lamp cost = $30.00 MH ballast cost = $50.00 IND Luminaire Cost = $1,500.00 Induction lamp & power supply cost = $350.00 Equipment Cost Light Type Luminaire Quantity Equipment Cost Total Cost High Pressure Sodium 16$1,570 $25,120 $25,280 Induction 16$1,850 $29,600 Energy Cost Light Type Luminaire Quantity Input Watts Annual kWh Annual Energy Cost Energy Cost for Analysis Period Annual Savings 250 watt High Pressure Sodium 29520673.6$1,240 $12,404 $7,779 $4,625 165 watt Induction 16511563.2$694 $6,938 $5,466 Lamp Replacement Light Type Luminaire Quantity Lamp Life (hours) Group relamp factor Effective Life (hours) group relampings in analysis period # lamps replaced in analysis period Lamp Cost (each) Labor Cost (each lamp)* Lamp repl. Cost for analysis period Average Annual Savings High Pressure Sodium 240000.716800 32$20.00$50.00 $2,240 $7,680 -$5,440 Induction 1000000.770000 $350.00$50.00 $2,240 Summary of Total Cost for Analysis Period Light Type Luminaire Quantity Equipment EnergyReplacement Total Cost for Analysis Period Savings for Analysis Period Average Annual Savings High Pressure Sodium $25,120$12,404$2,240 $39,764 $40,739 -$975-$97 Induction $29,600$6,938 $36,538 $3,226$323 * Assumed Labor Cost: $50 per lamp APPENDIX D: Economic Analysis of Parking Lighting Example