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BROWNFIELDS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE: Interim Guidelines for Safe Gardening Practices TABLE OF CONTENTS Complicating Factors.................................................................................. INTRODUCTION This document is a condensation of the input of 60 experts from academia, state and local government, and the nonprofit sector who gathered in Chicago on October 21 and 22, 2010 to outline the range of issues which need to In short, there are three major issues: Overview of the Issue: Brownfields health and environmental to economic and social. Increases surrounding property values, beautifies vacant properties, increases a Increases infiltration of rainwater, reducing Increases physical activity and educates However, the rise of agriculture as infill redevelopment creates new questions about the risks associated with agricultural uses, particularly where food crop or animal forage production is concerned. In many parts of the country, advisory standards and practices for agricultural redevelopment simply do not exist. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Brownfields and Land Revitalization, in cooperation with programs within the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), and our State and Tribal program counterparts from around the country are working with communities on many of these on-the-ground redevelopment projects. In addition, the EPA Region 5 (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin) Community and Land Revitalization Branch began working with local and regional stakeholders and a national committee in mid-2010 to learn more about implementing urban agriculture and community gardens in the safest way possible. These guidelines are intended to protect public health by informing communities about safe gardening practices when creating gardens on vacant lands or structures that may have an environmental history. The committee quickly identified a number of policy gaps contributing to the uncertainty around gardening on former brownfield sites. The first is that at this time, there are no definitive standards for soil contaminant levels safe for food production that reflect the soil site conditions and management practices common at agriculture sites. EPA has long- Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organiza guideline until such research can provide more definitive standards and policies for agricultural reuse on these sites. , included stability of land tenure and the lack of clear cleanup standards. These webinars were widely attended by practitioners and local governments across the country, and are . The webinars provided the foundation for the Brownfields and Urban Agriculture Midwest Summit October 21 RECOMMENDATIONS he or she would participate in (exposures) are subsequent section will provide a clear process for organizations to identify and reduce risks, reassure gardeners, and yield safer, more efficient growing scenarios. contamination present and how a person can be exposed to that contaminant, based on the intended reuse. These criteria for residential, commercial and industrial reuse are based on potential exposure: length of time spent on the site, types of activities performed on the site, and potential contamination pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or possible dermal contact with contamination. Urban agriculture is a new category of land use with different patterns of exposure – people are in closer contact with the soil than for any other category, for different time periods. While residential use is based on living, sleeping and eating in a dwelling on a property, the overall time and proximity to soil and potential contaminants make gardening and farming somewhat different from residential or commercial use. A commercial-scale urban in order to make decisions while implementing an urban agriculture project. Each of these steps has multiple The more historical information learned about a site’s previous uses, the more informed decisions Draft Business Plan BEGIN FARMING Business Plan Low Basic Rigorous Common Contaminants Agriculture, green space bitrate, pes�cides/herbicides Rar wash, parking lots, road and maintenance depot, vehicle services detals, tCos, petroleum products, sodium, solvents, surfactants Dry cleaning Solvents cxis�ng commercial or industrial building structures Csbestos, petroleum products, lead paint, tR. caulks, solvents xunkyards detals, petroleum products, solvents, sulfate dachine shops and metal works detals, petroleum products, solvents, surfactants wesiden�al areas, buildings with lead-based paint, where coal, oil, gas or garbage was burned detals, including lead, tCos, petroleum products creosote Stormwater drains and reten�on basins detals, pathogens, pes�cides/herbicides, petroleum products, sodium, solvents Underground and aboveground storage tanks tes�cides/herbicides, petroleum products, solvents Wood preserving detals, petroleum products, phenols, solvents, sulfate Rhemical manufacture, clandes�ne dumping, hazardous material storage and transfer, industrial lagoons and pits, railroad tracks and yards, research labs iluoride, metals, nitrate, pathogens, petroleum products, phenols, radioac�vity, sodium, solvents, sulfate of thumb, recreational or residential previous uses are typically lower risk while commercial and industrial uses can be considered higher risk, although you may find information in your research that suggests otherwise for your particular site. Consult with your state environmental agency, local health department, or county’s USDA What do the sampling results mean for risk to growers or healthy plant growth? What contaminant levels are low, frequently seen, easily addressed and can be managed with good practices? What levels are too high and require involvement of environmental experts? Perform Clean-Up Are there things I can do to garden safely without performing a full remediation? What are everyday practices State University Extension webpage on soil amendments rototilling), and may need to be maintained and reapplied compost or mulch. Some amendments, such as Class A biosolids from sewage sludge, may be regulated under various regulatory programs. Add topsoil or clean fill from ‘certified soil sources’ to ensure the for food production. Your state or local environmental program, extension service, or nursery may be able to direct you to providers of safe certified soils, or to recommended safe sources for gardening soil. Build raised beds or container gardens WHY INCLUDE A BUSINESS PLAN? SUMMARY BROWNFIELDS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE Consumer Horticulture: Container and Raised-bed Gardening (2009) http:// Collecting Soil Samples for Testing (2001) http:// Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Soil Contamination and Urban Agriculture: A Practical Guide to Soil Contamination Issues for Individuals and Groups (2006) http://www.ruaf.org/index.php?q=node/1003 Robinson-O’Brien R, Story M, Heim S. (2009). Impact of Garden-Based Youth Nutrition Intervention Programs: A Review. Journal of PARTICIPANT LIST BROWNFIELDS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE EKW5
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