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CHRISTIANITY: 800 – 1000 C.E. CHIRSTIANITY 800 C.E. – 1000 C.E. SAINT PETER’S CHURCH 2010 MICHAELMAS WEDNESDAY STUDY Beginning September 8, 2010 Pastor Amandus J. Derr Christianity: 800 C.E. - 1000 C.E. Outline • September 8 Prologue and Overview • September 15 Catholicism: The Unpredictable Rise of Rome* • September 22 Orthodoxy: From Empire to Empire* • September 29 The Challenge of Islam 622 - 1000 • October 6 Changing Alliances͗ ‘Old’ Rome or “New”? • October 13 Popes, Patriarchs and Icons • October 20 Universal Emperor or Universal Pope? • *1 hour CD from Diarmaid MacCulough’s HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY: THE FIRST THREE THOUSAND YEARS (BBC) 2 3 ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: TWO SEATS OF POWER: Exterior Views OLD SAINT PETER’S BASILICA One of the ear liest ex am ples of Chris tian ar chi tec ture and an ex cel lent ex ample of the ba si lica form, the begun in AD   333 and de s troyed by fire in the 16th cen - tury. Based on the shape of a Latin cross, Old Saint tral aisle) with a trans ept (pro jec ting wings) cros sing the nave near the front of the church. Roman Em peror Con stan tine the Great (306 - 337) com mis sio ned the con struc tion of Old Saint blic hall after in sti tu ting Chris tia nity as the empire's re li gion. HAGIA SOPHIA The most magnificent of all of the Byzantine churches, Hagia Sophia was designed by the architects Anthemios of Tralles and Izidorus of Miletus. This construction of the second Hagia Sophia was started in 532 by the order of the Emperor Justinian and was built over the ruins of an earlier structure. The church was opened for worship five years later, in 537. The church was considerably damaged by the earthquake of 557 and the nephew of the Architect Izidorus supervised the repair of the structure. When the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Church was converted into a mosque., I t was converted into a museum on February 1st 1935. 4 ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: Two seats of Power: Floor Plans “Old” Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 5 September 8, 2010 PRELUDE AND OVERVIEW I. PRELUDE 1͘ “͙from Jerusalem, all Judea, Samaria and to the ends of the earth͘” – from 50 to 350 C.E. 2. Constantine and Councils 3. Monasteries and Cathedrals II. OVERVIEW 3. TIMELINE 800 : Pope Leo III crowns Charles emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and therefore introduces theocratic monarchy in Europe 817: Benedict of Ariane draws up the monastic constitution of Benedectine monasteries (monks as a political entity that mediates between laity and deity) 822: Mojmir , prince of Morava, converts to christianity 826: the Frankish missionary Angkar , bishop of Hamburg, evangelizes in Denmark and Sweden 826: Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity 843: the "Restoration of the images" in Constantinople solves the iconoclastic controversy 845: the Irish theologian Johannes Scotus Erigena (John the Scot) takes over the Palatine Academy in France 846: Muslims raid Rome 849: caliph al - Mutawakkil deposes the patriarch of the Eastern Christian Church and persecutes Christians 852: Ansgar founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark 858: Nicholas I becomes pope and asserts the independence of the Church from local authorities and from Constantinople 861: the Khazars convert to Judaism 862: Boris of Bulgary converts to christianity 862: Ratislav of Moravia converts to christianity 863: Cyril and Methodius from Constantinople write the Slavic bible in the first Slavic alphabet, glagolitic 870: The Serbs convert to christianity 883: Muslims burn the Abbey of Mount Cassino 885: Mt Athos is granted independence as a religious retreat by emperor Basil I 904: Sergius III is elected pope thanks to a powerful Roman noblewoman, the first of a series of popes appointed by the Roman aristocracy 909: Berno founds the monastery of Cluny in Burgundy 912: the Normans become Christian 922: the Viking ruler Dirk I founds the Egmont Benedictine monastery in Haarlem (Holland) 948: the leader of the Magyars converts to christianity 950: the church of Hosios Loukas (Holy Luke) is founded in Stiris , Greece 965: Harald Bluetooth (Harold I) converts the Danes to christianity 969: Athanasios of Trebizond founds the Great Lavra (Great Monastery) on Mount Athos in Greece 988: Vladimir of Kiev converts to Christianity 995 : Olav I conquers Norway and proclaims it a Christian kingdom 996 : a German is elected pope Gregory V 999 : German emperor Otto III appoints Gerbert d'Aurillac pope, who becomes the first French pope and assumes the name Sylvester II 1000: Greenland and Iceland are christianized 6 September 29, 2010 THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAM 7 Biography of Muhammad • MUHAMMAD • Born: c. 570 Mecca, Arabia — Died: 632 Medina, Arabia • Muhammad was the founder of the religion of Islam and of a community at Medina that later developed into the Arab Empire. • • • Muhammad was born after his father's death in Mecca, Arabia, around 570. His grandfather and mother both died when he was a c hil d. As a child, he was unable by Arab custom to inherit anything. He was therefore relatively poor until about 595, when a wealth y w oman, Khadija, asked him to go to Syria as a steward (protector, manager) of her trading supplies. After the successful accomplishm ent of the mission, she offered him marriage. She was a rich widow fifteen years his senior. She and Muhammad had four daughters, and se ver al infant sons who died. From this time onward Muhammad was wealthy, but he began to spend time in solitary reflection on the problems of Mecca, where religious principles were being degraded and general unrest was in the city. • • During a period of solitude around the year 610, Muhammad heard a voice as he meditated (focused his thoughts in a manner of prayer). The voice said, "You are the Messenger of God" (this being the title more frequently given to him by Muslims than th at of prophet). Muhammad later decided he had heard the archangel Gabriel. He also found certain words "in his heart" (that is, his mi nd) as he meditated. Friends helped to convince him that he was called to convey messages from God to the Arabs as Moses (c. 1392 – c. 1 272 B.C.E. ) and Jesus Christ (c. 6 B.C.E. – c. 30 C.E. ) had done to the Jews and Christians. He continued to receive such messages from time to time until his death͘ They were collected into chapters and make up the Koran (Qur’an)͘ The Koran, though sent through Muhamm ad, is held by Muslims to come from God. • • Meccan preacher • At first Muhammad told these messages only to sympathetic friends, but from 612 or 613 he stated them publicly. Many people i n Mecca, especially younger men, became followers of Muhammad. These members of his new religion of Islam became known as Muslims. In the course of time, however, resistance to Muhammad appeared among the leading merchants of Mecca, and he and his followers were sometimes mistreated. Apparently to escape the mistreatment, approximately eighty of his followers traveled to Ethiopia. About 616, pressure in the form of a boycott (refusal to trade with) was placed on the clan of Hashim to make it cease protecting Muhammad. But until after the death of the head of the clan, Muhammad's uncle Abu - Talib , it was felt that to abandon him would be dishonorable. • • The new head, however, found a justified way to leave Muhammad behind, and it became virtually impossible for Muhammad to continue preaching in Mecca. In September 622, after secret negotiations over the previous two years, he settled in the area of Medina, two hundred miles to the north, where seventy of his followers had already gone. This "emigration" (leaving one's living plac e f or another) is the Hijra (Latin, hegira ), on which the Islamic era is based. • • First years at Medina • The Arab clans of Medina mostly acknowledged Muhammad's prophethood and entered into association with him and the emigrants (those who leave their country) from Mecca. At first the emigrants depended on Medinese hospitality, but soon small groups of them began to attempt raids on Meccan caravans. Later the Muslims of Medina also joined in. At first the raids had little success, but in March 624 a larger band of just over three hundred, led by Muhammad himself, defeated a supporting force of perhaps eight hundred Meccans with heavy losses. This was a serious blow to Meccan reputation, and the Muslims felt that God was defending Muhammad. • • To teach Muhammad a lesson, the Meccans in March 625 invaded the Medinese area with about three thousand men. Many Muslims were killed before they could regain the safety of the hill. Militarily this was not a serious loss for Muhammad, since the Meccans had also suffered casualties and retreated immediately; but the loss shook the belief that God was defending him. Confidence was onl y gradually restored. • • The next major event was the siege of Medina by ten thousand Meccans and allies in April 627. Muhammad protected the central part of the area by a trench that tricked the cavalry. After two weeks Meccans and their allies retreated. In March 628 the Meccans settled the Treaty of al - Hudaybiya with him. The treaty was a triumph for Muhammad. In the following months many nomadic (having to do with moving from area to area) tribesmen and a few leading Meccans joined Muhammad and became Muslims. When the treaty was criticized in January 630, Muhammad was able to march on Mecca with ten thousand men. Muhammad entered Mecca in triumph. Two weeks later two thousand joined Muhammad's army in opposing a concentration of tribesmen east of Mecca and shared in the vict ory of Hunayn . • 8 Biography of Muhammad • New religion • By 630 the religion of Islam had become firmly rooted. In the earliest parts of the Koran, it emphasized God's goodness and p owe r and called on men to acknowledge this in worship. It also stated the reality of the Day of Judgment, when men would be assigned t o paradise or hell depending on their attitude toward God, their generosity with their wealth, and similar points. These matter s w ere significant to the tensions of Mecca, which were seen as arising from the merchants' overconfidence in their wealth and power . T he Koran contained attacks on idols (symbols of objects to be worshipped) and a resolve that "there is no deity but God." • • The religious practices of the Muslims included communal worship or prayers several times a day touching the ground with the forehead in acknowledgement of God's majesty. They also gave alms (money to the poor). At Medina the fast (not eating any foo d) from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan (sacred ninth month of the Islamic calendar) was introduced; and when circumsta nce s made it possible, some of the ceremonies of the traditional pilgrimage (holy journey) to Mecca became a duty for Muslims. • • Years of triumph • Beyond Medina a system of alliances was gradually built up with the nomadic Arab tribes. As Muhammad grew stronger, he came t o insist that those wanting an association should become Muslims. After the conquest of Mecca and the victory at Hunayn in January 630, he was the strongest man in Arabia, and delegations came from tribes seeking alliance with him. When he died on • Muhammad. Courtesy of the Library of Congress • • June 8, 632, he was in effective control of a large part of Arabia. • • Muhammad's personality and achievement • Muhammad is said to have been a fast walker, of sturdy build, with a prominent forehead, a hooked nose, large brownish - black eye s, and a pleasant smile. He showed great charm in his dealings with people and, when appropriate, gentleness and even tenderness . Medieval Europe (500 – 1500), however, on the defensive against Arab armies and Islamic culture, came to look on him as a monster or demon. • At times Muhammad was indeed harsh to those in his power, but this was not out of keeping with the times. His marital relatio ns — at his death he had nine wives and one concubine (a kept woman without marriage) — must also be judged in the framework of the times. A political purpose can be traced in all of his marriages. For his time he was a man seeking positive change for his people. • • Politically Muhammad's greatest achievement was to create the framework that made possible the uniting of the Arab tribes. He al so won over his chief Meccan opponents, and their administrative skills were later invaluable in conquering and ruling many provinces. The growth of the Arab Empire, and with it the religion of Islam, was made possible by favorable circumstances; but the opportuni ty would not have been grasped but for Muhammad's gifts as visionary, statesman, and administrator. • • For More Information • Andrae , Tor. Mohammed: The Man and His Faith. New York: Scribner, 1936. Reprint, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2000. • Pirenne , Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. London: G. Allen & Unwin , 1939. Reprint, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001. • Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1953. • Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1956. • 9 THE Five Pillars of Islam The 'Five Pillars' of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life: • Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad; • Establishment of the daily prayers; • Concern for and almsgiving to the needy; • Self - purification through fasting; and • The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able. 10 11 12 13 14 15 History of Islam - 570 - 640 16 History of Islam 644 - 750 17 History of Islam 768 - 935 18 History of Islam 945 - 1130 19 History of Islam 1130 - 1492 20 The Viking Response to Charlemagne’s Missionary Activities October 6, 2010 21 The Holy Roman Empire: Charlemagne and the Carolingians October 6, 2010 22 “Old” Rome and “New” Rome October 6, 2010 23